Hosseinzadeh Mehdi, Husari Fatimatelbatoul Mahmoud, Yousefpoor Mohammad Sadegh, Lansky Jan, Min Hong
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
Sci Rep. 2024 Jul 31;14(1):17733. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-68471-y.
Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a new technology, which creates a self-organized wireless network containing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In FANET, routing protocols deal with important challenges due to limited energy, frequent link failures, high mobility of UAVs, and limited communication range of UAVs. Thus, a suitable path is always essential to transmit data between UAVs. In this paper, a local filtering-based energy-aware routing scheme (LFEAR) is proposed for FANETs. LFEAR improves the template of the route request (RREQ) packet by adding three fields, namely the energy, reliable distance, and movement similarity of the relevant route to create stable and energy-efficient paths. In the routing process, LFEAR presents a local filtering construction technique to avoid the broadcasting storm issue. This filter limits the broadcasting range of RREQs in the network. Accordingly, only UAVs inside this local filtered area can rebroadcast RREQs and other UAVs must eliminate these packets. After ending the route discovery process, the destination begins the route selection phase and extracts information about each discovered route, including the number of hops, route energy, reliable distance, and movement similarity. Then, the destination node calculates a score for each path based on the extracted information, selects the route with the highest score, and sends a route reply (RREP) packet to the source node through this route. Finally, the simulation process of LFEAR is performed using the NS2 simulator, and two simulation scenarios, namely change in network density and change in the speed of UAVs, are defined to evaluate network performance. In the first scenario, LFEAR improves energy consumption, packet delivery rate, network lifespan, and delay by 1.33%, 1.77%, 6.74%, and 1.71%, while its routing overhead is about 16.51% more than EARVRT. In the second scenario, LFEAR optimizes energy consumption and network lifetime by 5.55% and 5.67%, respectively. However, its performance in terms of routing overhead, packet delivery rate, and delay is 23%, 2.29%, and 6.67% weaker than EARVRT, respectively.
飞行自组织网络（FANET）是一项新技术，它创建了一个包含无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）的自组织无线网络。在FANET中，由于能量有限、链路频繁故障、无人机的高移动性以及无人机有限的通信范围，路由协议面临着重大挑战。因此，在无人机之间传输数据时，始终需要一条合适的路径。本文针对FANET提出了一种基于局部过滤的能量感知路由方案（LFEAR）。LFEAR通过添加三个字段，即相关路由的能量、可靠距离和移动相似性，改进了路由请求（RREQ）数据包的模板，以创建稳定且节能的路径。在路由过程中，LFEAR提出了一种局部过滤构建技术来避免广播风暴问题。此过滤器限制了网络中RREQ的广播范围。因此，只有此局部过滤区域内 的无人机才能重新广播RREQ，其他无人机必须丢弃这些数据包。在结束路由发现过程后，目的地开始路由选择阶段，并提取有关每个发现路由的信息，包括跳数、路由能量、可靠距离和移动相似性。然后，目的节点根据提取的信息为每条路径计算一个分数，选择分数最高的路由，并通过此路由向源节点发送路由回复（RREP）数据包。最后，使用NS2模拟器对LFEAR进行了仿真过程，并定义了两个仿真场景，即网络密度变化和无人机速度变化，以评估网络性能。在第一个场景中，LFEAR将能耗、数据包交付率、网络寿命和延迟分别提高了1.33%、1.77%、6.74%和1.71%，而其路由开销比EARVRT多约16.51%。在第二个场景中，LFEAR分别将能耗和网络寿命优化了5.55%和5.67%。然而，其在路由开销、数据包交付率和延迟方面的性能分别比EARVRT弱23%、2.29%和6.67%。
