Independent Researcher, Waalre, The Netherlands.
J Biol Phys. 2024 Dec;50(3-4):327-349. doi: 10.1007/s10867-024-09662-6. Epub 2024 Aug 3.
The evolutionary origin of the inverted retina in the vertebrate eye is unknown. This paper explores a hypothetical evolutionary scenario that explains the unique orientation of the photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina. The proposed scenario follows the scientific accepted scenario for eye evolution and gradually builds up towards an eye prototype by considering light direction detection and increase in achievable spatial resolution as the driving forces. It suggests that eye retinas developed along two different morphological processes, an evagination process that results in the inverted retina in vertebrate eyes and an invagination process that results in a verted retina in cephalopod eyes. The development of the inverted vertebrate retina and eye prototype morphology is strongly substantiated by physics of vision. The proposed evolutionary sequence for vertebrate eye development is simple and has the full potential to explain the origin of the inverted retina and leads to an eye prototype enabling visual detection and orientation. It allows the emergence of eye structures like, extraocular muscles, tapetum lucidum, biconvex lens, cornea, and pupil. This study supports the suggestion that a primitive inverted retina in the predecessor of vertebrates is of ectodermal origin and available before neurulation occurred.
脊椎动物眼睛中倒转视网膜的进化起源尚不清楚。本文探讨了一个假设的进化场景，该场景解释了脊椎动物视网膜中光感受器的独特取向。所提出的方案遵循了眼球进化的科学公认方案，并通过考虑光方向检测和可实现的空间分辨率的提高作为驱动力，逐步建立了眼球原型。它表明，眼睛视网膜沿着两种不同的形态发生过程发育，一种外翻过程导致脊椎动物眼睛中的倒转视网膜，一种内陷过程导致头足类动物眼睛中的倒转视网膜。倒转的脊椎动物视网膜和眼球原型形态的发育得到了视觉物理学的有力支持。所提出的脊椎动物眼睛发育的进化序列简单，具有充分的潜力来解释倒转视网膜的起源，并导致能够进行视觉检测和定向的眼球原型。它允许出现像眼外肌、明毯、双凸透镜、角膜和瞳孔这样的眼睛结构。这项研究支持这样一种观点，即脊椎动物前体中的原始倒转视网膜是外胚层起源的，并且在神经胚发生之前就存在了。
