Identification of a lumped-parameter model of the intervertebral joint from experimental data.

Through predictive simulations, multibody models can aid the treatment of spinal pathologies by identifying optimal surgical procedures. Critical to achieving accurate predictions is the definition of the intervertebral joint. The joint pose is often defined by virtual palpation. Intervertebral joint stiffnesses are either derived from literature, or specimen-specific stiffnesses are calculated with optimisation methods. This study tested the feasibility of an optimisation method for determining the specimen-specific stiffnesses and investigated the influence of the assigned joint pose on the subject-specific estimated stiffness. Furthermore, the influence of the joint pose and the stiffness on the accuracy of the predicted motion was investigated. A computed tomography based model of a lumbar spine segment was created. Joints were defined from virtually palpated landmarks sampled with a Latin Hypercube technique from a possible Cartesian space. An optimisation method was used to determine specimen-specific stiffnesses for 500 models. A two-factor analysis was performed by running forward dynamic simulations for ten different stiffnesses for each successfully optimised model. The optimisations calculated a large range of stiffnesses, indicating the optimised specimen-specific stiffnesses were highly sensitive to the assigned joint pose and related uncertainties. A limited number of combinations of optimised joint stiffnesses and joint poses could accurately predict the kinematics. The two-factor analysis indicated that, for the ranges explored, the joint pose definition was more important than the stiffness. To obtain kinematic prediction errors below 1 mm and 1° and suitable specimen-specific stiffnesses the precision of virtually palpated landmarks for joint definition should be better than 2.9 mm.