Maamoun Ahmed Abdelhamid, Abouomar Ramadan M, El-Basheer Tarek M, Azab Mostafa A, Zaki ElSayed G, Elsaeed Shymaa M, Elkhateeb Ahmed
Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Chemistry Division, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 EL-Sarayat Street-Abdo Basha Sq., Cairo, 11517, Egypt.
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt.
Sci Rep. 2024 Aug 8;14(1):18382. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-68039-w.
This study aims to investigate the potential of integrating natural biochar (BC) derived from eggshell waste into flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam to enhance its mechanical and acoustic performance. The study explores the impact of incorporating BC at various weight ratios (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt. %) on the properties of the FPU foam. Additionally, the effects of modifying the BC with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) at different ratios (10, 20, and 30 wt. %) and the influence of diverse particle sizes of BC on the thermal, mechanical, and acoustic characteristics of the FPU composite are investigated. The functional groups, morphology, and elemental composition of the developed FPU composites are analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Characteristics such as density, gel fraction, and porosity were also assessed. The results reveal that the density of FPU foam increased by 4.32% and 7.83% while the porosity decreased to 50.22% and 47.05% with the addition of 0.1 wt. % of unmodified BC and modified BC with 20 wt. % APTMS, respectively, compared to unfilled FPU. Additionally, the gel fraction of the FPU matrix increases by 1.91% and 3.55% with the inclusion of 0.1 wt. % unmodified BC and modified BC with 20 wt. % APTMS, respectively. Furthermore, TGA analysis revealed that all FPU composites demonstrate improved thermal stability compared to unfilled FPU, reaching a peak value of 312.17°C for the FPU sample incorporating BC modified with 20 wt. % APTMS. Compression strength increased with 0.1 wt. % untreated BC but decreased at higher concentrations. Modifying BC with 20% APTMS resulted in an 8.23% increase in compressive strength compared to unfilled FPU. Acoustic analysis showed that the addition of BC improved absorption, and modified BC enhanced absorption characteristics of FPU, reaching Class D with a 20 mm thickness. BC modified with APTMS further improved acoustic properties compared to the unfilled FPU sample (Class E), with 20% modification showing the best results. These composites present promising materials for sound absorption applications and address environmental issues related to eggshell waste.
本研究旨在探讨将源自蛋壳废料的天然生物炭（BC）融入软质聚氨酯（FPU）泡沫中以增强其机械性能和声学性能的潜力。该研究探究了以不同重量比（0.1、0.3、0.5和0.7 wt.%）加入BC对FPU泡沫性能的影响。此外，还研究了用不同比例（10、20和30 wt.%）的（3-氨丙基）三甲氧基硅烷（APTMS）对BC进行改性的效果，以及BC不同粒径对FPU复合材料的热性能、机械性能和声学性能的影响。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）和能量色散X射线（EDX）技术对所制备的FPU复合材料的官能团、形态和元素组成进行了分析。还评估了密度、凝胶分数和孔隙率等特性。结果表明，与未填充的FPU相比，添加0.1 wt.%未改性BC和用20 wt.% APTMS改性的BC时，FPU泡沫的密度分别增加了4.32%和7.83%，而孔隙率分别降至50.22%和47.05%。此外，加入0.1 wt.%未改性BC和用20 wt.% APTMS改性的BC时，FPU基体的凝胶分数分别增加了1.91%和3.55%。此外，热重分析（TGA）表明，与未填充的FPU相比，所有FPU复合材料的热稳定性均有所提高，对于加入用20 wt.% APTMS改性BC的FPU样品，热稳定性峰值达到312.17°C。抗压强度随着0.1 wt.%未处理BC的加入而增加，但在更高浓度时降低。用20% APTMS对BC进行改性后，与未填充的FPU相比，抗压强度提高了8.23%。声学分析表明，添加BC可改善吸收性能，改性BC增强了FPU的吸收特性，20 mm厚度时达到D级。与未填充的FPU样品（E级）相比，用APTMS改性的BC进一步改善了声学性能，20%的改性显示出最佳效果。这些复合材料是吸声应用的有前景的材料，并解决了与蛋壳废料相关的环境问题。
