Wang Tianyi, Mitchell Piers D
Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Gastro Hep Adv. 2022 Apr 27;1(4):500-507. doi: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.02.027. eCollection 2022.
The species of liver fluke that infect humans are zoonotic parasites that we share with other animals. The complex way in which humans have interacted with their environment, and the animals that live alongside them, has affected our ancestors' risk of infection by these helminths for millions of years. Here, we describe the range of flukes that can survive in the human liver and the health consequences that result from infection. Our focus is on (Chinese liver fluke), (sheep liver fluke), (giant liver fluke), (Southeast Asian liver fluke), (cat liver fluke), and (lancet liver fluke). We use our knowledge of where different kinds of liver flukes are endemic to estimate when and where human ancestors would have been exposed to infection over deep time. DNA evidence is used to investigate the evolutionary origins of the major species of liver flukes. The archaeological evidence for different species of fluke helps to show in which periods of human history they were most common. These flukes spread to humans from wild animals in early prehistory because of our ancestor's hunter-gatherer lifestyle and later from farm animals after the development of agriculture. We explore when and how some species have been able to spread across the world, whereas others are limited to particular geographic regions because of the endemic distribution of snail and vertebrate intermediate hosts. It is clear that human activity and migrations have played a key role in the expanding geographical range where we find liver flukes endemic today.
感染人类的肝吸虫种类属于人畜共患寄生虫，是人类与其他动物共有的。人类与环境以及与他们共同生活的动物之间复杂的互动方式，在数百万年的时间里影响了我们祖先感染这些蠕虫的风险。在这里，我们描述了能够在人类肝脏中存活的吸虫种类以及感染所导致的健康后果。我们关注的重点是华支睾吸虫（中国肝吸虫）、肝片形吸虫（羊肝吸虫）、巨片形吸虫（巨型肝吸虫）、横川后殖吸虫（东南亚肝吸虫）、猫后睾吸虫（猫肝吸虫）和肝毛细线虫（柳叶刀肝吸虫）。我们利用对不同种类肝吸虫地方性流行区域的了解，来估算人类祖先在漫长时间里何时何地可能接触到感染。DNA证据被用于研究主要肝吸虫种类的进化起源。不同吸虫种类的考古证据有助于表明它们在人类历史的哪些时期最为常见。由于我们祖先的狩猎采集生活方式，这些吸虫在史前早期从野生动物传播到人类，后来在农业发展后又从家畜传播到人类。我们探讨了一些物种何时以及如何能够在全球传播，而其他物种则由于蜗牛和脊椎动物中间宿主的地方性分布而局限于特定地理区域。显然，人类活动和迁徙在扩大如今发现肝吸虫地方性流行的地理范围方面起到了关键作用。
