Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan.
Cancer Control. 2024 Jan-Dec;31:10732748241274978. doi: 10.1177/10732748241274978.
Skin cancer comprises one-third of all diagnosed cancer cases and remains a major health concern. Genetic and environmental parameters serve as the two main risk factors associated with the development of skin cancer, with ultraviolet radiation being the most common environmental risk factor. Studies have also found fair complexion, arsenic toxicity, indoor tanning, and family history among the prevailing causes of skin cancer. Prevention and early diagnosis play a crucial role in reducing the frequency and ensuring effective management of skin cancer. Recent studies have focused on exploring minimally invasive or non-invasive diagnostic technologies along with artificial intelligence to facilitate rapid and accurate diagnosis. The treatment of skin cancer ranges from traditional surgical excision to various advanced methods such as phototherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination therapy. Recent studies have focused on immunotherapy, with the introduction of new checkpoint inhibitors and personalized immunotherapy enhancing treatment efficacy. Advancements in multi-omics, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence have further deepened the understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumoral growth and their interaction with therapeutic effects, which has paved the way for precision oncology. This review aims to highlight the recent advancements in the understanding and management of skin cancer, and provide an overview of existing and emerging diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic modalities, while highlighting areas that require further research to bridge the existing knowledge gaps.
皮肤癌占所有确诊癌症病例的三分之一，仍然是一个主要的健康关注点。遗传和环境参数是与皮肤癌发展相关的两个主要风险因素，紫外线辐射是最常见的环境风险因素。研究还发现，皮肤白皙、砷中毒、室内晒黑和家族史是导致皮肤癌的常见原因。预防和早期诊断在降低皮肤癌的发病率和确保有效管理方面发挥着关键作用。最近的研究侧重于探索微创或非侵入性诊断技术以及人工智能，以促进快速准确的诊断。皮肤癌的治疗范围从传统的手术切除到各种先进的方法，如光疗、放疗、免疫疗法、靶向疗法和联合疗法。最近的研究集中在免疫疗法上，新的检查点抑制剂和个性化免疫疗法的引入提高了治疗效果。多组学、纳米技术和人工智能的进步进一步加深了对肿瘤生长机制及其与治疗效果相互作用的理解，为精准肿瘤学铺平了道路。本综述旨在强调皮肤癌理解和管理方面的最新进展，概述现有的和新兴的诊断、预后和治疗方式，同时突出需要进一步研究的领域，以弥合现有知识差距。
