Imali D Yureka, Perera E Chavin J, Kaumal M N, Dissanayake Dhammike P
Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
RSC Adv. 2024 Aug 13;14(35):25516-25548. doi: 10.1039/d4ra02615b. eCollection 2024 Aug 12.
Functionalized conducting polymers (FCPs) have recently garnered attention as ion-selective sensor materials, surpassing their intrinsic counterparts due to synergistic effects that lead to enhanced electrochemical and analytical parameters. Following a brief introduction of the fundamental concepts, this article provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments in the application of FCPs in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and ion-selective optodes (ISOs), particularly as ion-to-electron transducers, optical transducers, and ion-selective membranes. Utilizing FCPs in these devices offers a promising avenue for detecting and measuring ions in various applications, regardless of the sample nature and composition. Research has focused on functionalizing different conducting polymers, such as polyaniline and polypyrrole, through strategies such as doping and derivatization to alter their hydrophobicity, conductance, redox capacitance, surface area, pH sensitivity, gas and light sensitivity, These modifications aim to enhance performance outcomes, including potential stability/emission signal stability, reproducibility and low detection limits. The advancements have led to the transition of ISEs from conventional zero-current potentiometric ion sensing to innovative current-triggered sensing approaches, enabling calibration-free applications and emerging concepts such as opto-electro dual sensing systems. The intrinsic pH cross-response and instability of the optical signal of ISOs have been overcome through the novel optical signal transduction mechanisms facilitated by FCPs. In this review, the characteristics of materials, functionalization approaches, particular implementation strategies, specific performance outcomes and challenges faced are discussed. Consolidating dispersed information in the field, the in-depth analysis presented here is poised to drive further innovations by broadening the scope of ion-selective sensors in real-world scenarios.
功能化导电聚合物（FCPs）最近作为离子选择性传感材料受到关注，由于协同效应导致电化学和分析参数增强，其性能超越了其本征对应物。在简要介绍基本概念之后，本文全面综述了FCPs在离子选择性电极（ISEs）和离子选择性光极（ISOs）中的应用的最新进展，特别是作为离子 - 电子换能器、光学换能器和离子选择性膜。在这些设备中使用FCPs为在各种应用中检测和测量离子提供了一条有前景的途径，而不论样品的性质和组成如何。研究集中于通过掺杂和衍生化等策略对不同的导电聚合物，如聚苯胺和聚吡咯进行功能化，以改变它们的疏水性、电导率、氧化还原电容、表面积、pH敏感性、气体和光敏感性。这些修饰旨在提高性能结果，包括电位稳定性/发射信号稳定性、重现性和低检测限。这些进展导致ISEs从传统的零电流电位离子传感转变为创新的电流触发传感方法，实现了免校准应用以及诸如光电双传感系统等新兴概念。通过FCPs促进的新型光学信号转导机制克服了ISOs固有的pH交叉响应和光学信号的不稳定性。在本综述中，讨论了材料的特性、功能化方法、具体实施策略、特定性能结果以及面临的挑战。整合该领域分散的信息，此处呈现的深入分析有望通过拓宽离子选择性传感器在实际场景中的应用范围来推动进一步的创新。
