Meresa Birhanu Kahsay, Ayimut Kiros-Meles, Weldemichael Micheale Yifter, Geberemedhin Kalayou Hiluf, Kassegn Hagos Hailu, Geberemikael Bruh Asmelash, Egigu Etsay Mesele
Department of Biotechnology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
Department of Crop and Horticultural Sciences, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
Heliyon. 2024 Jul 18;10(15):e34871. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34871. eCollection 2024 Aug 15.
The perceived negative impacts of synthetic agrochemicals gave way to alternative, biological plant protection strategies. The deployment of induced resistance, comprising boosting the natural defense responses of plants, is one of those. Plants developed multi-component defense mechanisms to defend themselves against biotic and abiotic stresses. These are activated upon recognition of stress signatures via membrane-localized receptors. The induced immune responses enable plants to tolerate and limit the impact of stresses. A systemic cascade of signals enables plants to prime un-damaged tissues, which is crucial during secondary encounters with stress. Comparable stress tolerance mechanisms can be induced in plants by the application of carbohydrate elicitors such as chitin/chitosan, β-1,3-glucans, oligogalacturonides, cellodextrins, xyloglucans, alginates, ulvans, and carrageenans. Treating plants with carbohydrate-derived elicitors enable the plants to develop resistance appliances against diverse stresses. Some carbohydrates are also known to have been involved in promoting symbiotic signaling. Here, we review recent progresses on plant resistance elicitation effect of various carbohydrate elicitors and the molecular mechanisms of plant cell perception, cascade signals, and responses to cascaded cues. Besides, the molecular mechanisms used by plants to distinguish carbohydrate-induced immunity signals from symbiotic signals are discussed. The structure-activity relationships of the carbohydrate elicitors are also described. Furthermore, we forwarded future research outlooks that might increase the utilization of carbohydrate elicitors in agriculture in order to improve the efficacy of plant protection strategies.
合成农用化学品所带来的负面影响促使人们转而采用替代性的生物植物保护策略。诱导抗性的应用就是其中之一，它包括增强植物的自然防御反应。植物形成了多组分防御机制来抵御生物和非生物胁迫。这些防御机制在通过膜定位受体识别胁迫信号后被激活。诱导免疫反应使植物能够耐受并减轻胁迫的影响。系统性的信号级联使植物能够对未受损组织进行预处理，这在二次遭遇胁迫时至关重要。通过施用几丁质/壳聚糖、β-1,3-葡聚糖、寡聚半乳糖醛酸、纤维糊精、木葡聚糖、海藻酸盐、石莼聚糖和角叉菜胶等碳水化合物激发子，可以在植物中诱导出类似的胁迫耐受机制。用碳水化合物衍生的激发子处理植物能使植物产生针对多种胁迫的抗性机制。一些碳水化合物还已知参与促进共生信号传导。在此，我们综述了各种碳水化合物激发子对植物抗性诱导作用的最新进展以及植物细胞感知、信号级联和对级联信号反应的分子机制。此外，还讨论了植物用于区分碳水化合物诱导的免疫信号和共生信号的分子机制。还描述了碳水化合物激发子的构效关系。此外，我们还展望了未来的研究方向，这些研究可能会增加碳水化合物激发子在农业中的应用，以提高植物保护策略的效果。
