Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey.
Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
Mikrochim Acta. 2024 Aug 20;191(9):548. doi: 10.1007/s00604-024-06635-3.
Macrophages are among the most important components of the innate immune system where the interaction of pathogens and their phagocytosis occur as the first barrier of immunity. When nanomaterials interact with the human body, they have to face macrophages as well. Thus, understanding of nanomaterials-macrophage interactions and underlying mechanisms is crucial. For this purpose, various methods are used. In this study, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is proposed by studying lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced macrophage polarization using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an alternative to the current approaches. For this purpose, the murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells, was polarized by LPS, and polarization mechanisms were characterized by nitrite release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and monitored using SERS. The spectral changes were interpreted based on the molecular pathways induced by LPS. Furthermore, polarized macrophages by LPS were exposed to the toxic AuNPs doses to monitor the enhanced phagocytosis and related spectral changes. It was observed that LPS induced macrophage polarization and enhanced AuNP phagocytosis by activated macrophages elucidated clearly from SERS spectra in a label-free non-destructive manner.
巨噬细胞是先天免疫系统中最重要的组成部分之一，病原体与其吞噬作用的相互作用发生作为免疫的第一道屏障。当纳米材料与人体相互作用时，它们也必须面对巨噬细胞。因此，理解纳米材料-巨噬细胞相互作用和潜在的机制是至关重要的。为此，使用了各种方法。在这项研究中，通过使用金纳米粒子（AuNPs）作为替代物来研究脂多糖（LPS）诱导的巨噬细胞极化，提出了表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）。为此，用 LPS 极化了鼠源巨噬细胞系 RAW 264.7 细胞，并通过亚硝酸盐释放和活性氧（ROS）形成来表征极化机制，并使用 SERS 进行监测。根据 LPS 诱导的分子途径解释了光谱变化。此外，用 LPS 极化的巨噬细胞暴露于有毒的 AuNP 剂量，以监测增强的吞噬作用和相关的光谱变化。结果表明，LPS 诱导的巨噬细胞极化和激活巨噬细胞增强的 AuNP 吞噬作用，通过无标记的非破坏性 SERS 光谱清楚地阐明了。
