Pharmacological Approaches to Hearing Loss.

Hearing disorders pose significant challenges to individuals experiencing them and their overall quality of life, emphasizing the critical need for advanced pharmacological approaches to address these conditions. Current treatment options often focus on amplification devices, cochlear implants, or other rehabilitative therapies, leaving a substantial gap regarding effective pharmacological interventions. Advancements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in hearing disorders induced by noise, aging, and ototoxicity have opened new avenues for drug development, some of which have led to numerous clinical trials, with promising results. The development of optimal drug delivery solutions in animals and humans can also enhance the targeted delivery of medications to the ear. Moreover, large genome studies contributing to a genetic understanding of hearing loss in humans combined with advanced molecular technologies in animal studies have shown a great potential to increase our understanding of the etiologies of hearing loss. The auditory system exhibits circadian rhythms and temporal variations in its physiology, its vulnerability to auditory insults, and its responsiveness to drug treatments. The cochlear clock rhythms are under the control of the glucocorticoid system, and preclinical evidence suggests that the risk/benefit profile of hearing disorder treatments using chronopharmacological approaches would be beneficial. If translatable to the bedside, such approaches may improve the outcome of clinical trials. Ongoing research into the molecular and genetic basis of auditory disorders, coupled with advancements in drug formulation and delivery as well as optimized timing of drug administration, holds great promise of more effective treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hearing disorders pose significant challenges to individuals and their overall quality of life, emphasizing the critical need for advanced pharmacological approaches to address these conditions. Ongoing research into the molecular and genetic basis of auditory disorders, coupled with advancements in drug delivery procedures and optimized timing of drug administration, holds the promise of more effective treatments.