Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India.
Acta Parasitol. 2024 Sep;69(3):1501-1516. doi: 10.1007/s11686-024-00902-2. Epub 2024 Aug 20.
The parasitic disease leishmaniasis is responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. The visceral form is the most severe form of leishmaniasis (or leishmaniosis), which is caused predominantly by Leishmania donovani. Currently, clinically recommended antileishmanial drugs are not convenient because of several medical complications and resistance issues. Phytocompounds are the best candidates in this regard. The present study aimed to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of Averrhoa carambola leaf extract.
The antipromastigote activity and cytotoxicity were assessed using the MTT assay. Morphological distortions were determined using phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, nonprotein thiol depletion and apoptotic death in promastigotes were determined via flow cytometry. UV-visible spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was performed for elemental analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (LCMS) were used to characterize the phytocomponent(s) present in the extract.
The chloroform extract of Averrhoa carambola leaf (AC) (IC = 50.76 ± 1.7 µg/mL) exhibited the highest activity, followed by the ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol extracts. AC has also exhibited lower toxicity towards host macrophages. AC also induced morphological distortions in promastigotes, with significant generation of ROS and the concomitant apoptosis initiation followed by a decrease in the nonprotein thiol level. The major phytometabolites present in AC were identified from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database and from a literature review.
This study suggested that Averrhoa carambola leaf extracts are rich in some classes of biologically active phytocompounds and exhibit good antileishmanial activity.
寄生虫病利什曼病在全球范围内导致高死亡率和发病率。内脏利什曼病（或利什曼病）是最严重的利什曼病形式，主要由杜氏利什曼原虫引起。目前，临床上推荐的抗利什曼原虫药物由于存在多种医疗并发症和耐药问题而不太方便。植物化合物是这方面的最佳候选物。本研究旨在评估杨桃叶提取物的抗利什曼原虫活性。
使用 MTT 测定法评估抗前鞭毛体活性和细胞毒性。通过相差显微镜和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察形态扭曲。通过流式细胞术测定前鞭毛体中活性氧（ROS）的产生、非蛋白巯基的消耗和凋亡死亡。进行紫外-可见光谱和能量色散 X 射线（EDX）光谱分析以进行元素分析。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和液相色谱-质谱（LCMS）用于鉴定提取物中存在的植物成分。
杨桃叶的氯仿提取物（AC）（IC 50 = 50.76 ± 1.7μg/mL）表现出最高的活性，其次是乙酸乙酯、正己烷和甲醇提取物。AC 对宿主巨噬细胞的毒性也较低。AC 还在前鞭毛体中诱导形态扭曲，显著产生 ROS，并伴随着凋亡的启动，随后非蛋白巯基水平下降。从国家标准与技术研究所（NIST）数据库和文献综述中鉴定出 AC 中存在的主要植物代谢物。
本研究表明，杨桃叶提取物富含一些具有生物活性的植物化合物，具有良好的抗利什曼原虫活性。
