Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Addict Behav. 2024 Dec;159:108135. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108135. Epub 2024 Aug 17.
Health warnings about alcohol consumption could inform consumers and discourage alcohol consumption, but little is known about what topics these warnings should address. We sought to identify promising topics for alcohol warnings.
In January 2024, we recruited a convenience sample of 2,522 US adults ages ≥ 21 years. In an online within-subjects experiment, participants viewed messages about 6 topics (5 warning topics selected from a pool of 16 topics [e.g., liver disease, liver cancer] and 1 control topic [i.e., recycling or reselling products]) shown in random order. For each topic, participants viewed and rated 2 statements about that topic on perceived message effectiveness (primary outcome) and reactance (secondary outcome).
The 16 warning topics elicited higher perceived message effectiveness than the control topic (ps < 0.001). Among the warning topics, liver disease, most cancer types, dementia or mental decline, and hypertension elicited the highest perceived message effectiveness, while breast cancer, sleep, and drinking guidelines elicited the lowest. Fourteen of the 16 warning topics (all except for fetal harms and impaired driving) elicited more reactance than the control topic (ps < 0.001). Warning topics that elicited high perceived message effectiveness generally elicited high reactance, except for messages about liver disease and liver cancer, which elicited high perceived message effectiveness but only moderate reactance.
Warning messages about a variety of topics hold promise for discouraging alcohol consumption. Messages about liver disease, most cancer types, dementia or mental decline, and hypertension are perceived as especially effective; however, none of these topics are included in the current US alcohol warning.
关于饮酒的健康警示可以告知消费者并劝阻他们饮酒，但对于这些警示应该涉及哪些主题知之甚少。我们旨在确定有前景的饮酒警示主题。
在 2024 年 1 月，我们招募了 2522 名美国 21 岁及以上成年人的便利样本。在一项在线的被试内实验中，参与者随机查看了 6 个主题（从 16 个主题中选择的 5 个警示主题[例如，肝脏疾病、肝癌]和 1 个对照主题[即，回收或转售产品]）的信息。对于每个主题，参与者查看并对该主题的 2 个陈述进行了评价，评价内容为感知信息有效性（主要结果）和抵触情绪（次要结果）。
16 个警示主题的感知信息有效性均高于对照主题（p 值均<0.001）。在警示主题中，肝脏疾病、大多数癌症类型、痴呆或精神衰退以及高血压引起的感知信息有效性最高，而乳腺癌、睡眠和饮酒指南引起的感知信息有效性最低。除了胎儿伤害和酒后驾车外，16 个警示主题中的 14 个（全部）引起的抵触情绪均高于对照主题（p 值均<0.001）。引起高感知信息有效性的警示主题通常会引起高抵触情绪，但肝脏疾病和肝癌的警示信息除外，这些信息引起了较高的感知信息有效性，但仅引起了适度的抵触情绪。
关于各种主题的警示信息有望劝阻饮酒。关于肝脏疾病、大多数癌症类型、痴呆或精神衰退以及高血压的信息被认为特别有效；然而，这些主题都没有被包含在美国当前的酒精警示中。
