Enhanced Multi-Strategy Slime Mould Algorithm for Global Optimization Problems.

In order to further improve performance of the Slime Mould Algorithm, the Enhanced Multi-Strategy Slime Mould Algorithm (EMSMA) is proposed in this paper. There are three main modifications to SMA. Firstly, a leader covariance learning strategy is proposed to replace the anisotropic search operator in SMA to ensure that the agents can evolve in a better direction during the optimization process. Secondly, the best agent is further modified with an improved non-monopoly search mechanism to boost the algorithm's exploitation and exploration capabilities. Finally, a random differential restart mechanism is developed to assist SMA in escaping from local optimality and increasing population diversity when it is stalled. The impacts of three strategies are discussed, and the performance of EMSMA is evaluated on the CEC2017 suite and CEC2022 test suite. The numerical and statistical results show that EMSMA has excellent performance on both test suites and is superior to the SMA variants such as DTSMA, ISMA, AOSMA, LSMA, ESMA, and MSMA in terms of convergence accuracy, convergence speed, and stability.