Bagshaw M A
Cancer. 1985 May 1;55(9 Suppl):2079-85. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19850501)55:9+<2079::aid-cncr2820551408>3.0.co;2-x.
External beam irradiation was introduced in the 1930s for the palliation of advanced pelvic obstructive disease from carcinoma of the prostate. This treatment was superseded in the early 1940s by hormone deprivation, a remarkably effective method for palliating advanced prostatic cancer. It took some years to recognize, however, that these methods were not curative. In the mid 1950s, aggressive radiation treatment was reintroduced, largely because of the availability of deeply penetrating gamma and x-rays produced by cobalt units, linear accelerators, and betatrons. One extensive series was started at Stanford in 1956; currently over 800 patients are available for analysis. Four hundred fifty-eight patients had disease limited to the prostate (nominal Stages T2 or B), and their survival is 80% +/- 2.0% (+/- 1 standard error) at 5 years, 58% +/- 2.8% at 10 years, and 36.7% +/- 3.8% at 15 years. Three hundred eighty-five patients had extracapsular extension (nominal Stages T3 or C) and their survival is 60% +/- 5.4% at 5 years, 36% +/- 2.9% at 10 years, and 22% +/- 3.5% at 15 years. This study has demonstrated that long-term disease-free survival can be achieved after appropriate prostatic irradiation.
20世纪30年代引入了体外照射疗法，用于缓解前列腺癌导致的晚期盆腔梗阻性疾病。20世纪40年代初，这种治疗方法被激素剥夺疗法所取代，激素剥夺疗法是一种缓解晚期前列腺癌非常有效的方法。然而，过了几年人们才认识到这些方法无法治愈疾病。20世纪50年代中期，激进的放射治疗再次被引入，这主要是因为钴源、直线加速器和电子感应加速器能够产生具有深度穿透性的伽马射线和X射线。1956年斯坦福大学启动了一项广泛的研究；目前有800多名患者可供分析。458名患者的疾病局限于前列腺（标称分期为T2或B期），他们的5年生存率为80%±2.0%（±1个标准误差），10年生存率为58%±2.8%，15年生存率为36.7%±3.8%。385名患者有包膜外侵犯（标称分期为T3或C期），他们的5年生存率为60%±5.4%，10年生存率为36%±2.9%，15年生存率为22%±3.5%。这项研究表明，经过适当的前列腺照射后可以实现长期无病生存。
