Semenova Yuliya, Kassym Laura, Kussainova Assiya, Aimurziyeva Ainur, Makalkina Larissa, Avdeyev Andrey, Yessmagambetova Aizhan, Smagul Manar, Aubakirova Bibigul, Akhmetova Zaure, Yergaliyeva Ademi, Lim Lisa
School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Jul 31;13(8):718. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13080718.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a ban on inspections of small businesses, including pharmacies, was imposed in Kazakhstan, which relaxed law enforcement efforts regarding the prohibition of over-the-counter antibiotic (AB) sales. This study aimed to investigate how this affected the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to AB and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as well as to assess actual AB consumption at the community level. The study comprised two cross-sectional sub-studies: the first involved a KAP survey conducted in 2022 and 2024, utilizing the Special Eurobarometer questionnaire on AMR. The second sub-study analyzed AB consumption in 2021 and 2023, measured in defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants. Results revealed an increase in the percentage of individuals reporting receipt of information about ABs and AMR in the past year (37.3% in 2022 vs. 52.9% in 2024, < 0.001) and an increase in the percentage of individuals reporting AB use in the past year (49.0% in 2022 vs. 54.0% in 2024, = 0.056). The most consumed ABs were from the Watch group, with azithromycin and ceftriaxone ranking highest. These findings support the hypothesis that the relaxation of law enforcement contributed to an increase in AB consumption and emphasize the need for public health policies to address this issue.
在新冠疫情期间，哈萨克斯坦对包括药店在内的小企业实施了检查禁令，这放松了对非处方抗生素（AB）销售禁令的执法力度。本研究旨在调查这对与AB和抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）相关的知识、态度和行为（KAP）产生了怎样的影响，并评估社区层面的实际AB消费量。该研究包括两个横断面子研究：第一个子研究是在2022年和2024年进行的KAP调查，采用了关于AMR的特别欧洲晴雨表调查问卷。第二个子研究分析了2021年和2023年的AB消费量，以每1000名居民的限定日剂量来衡量。结果显示，报告在过去一年中收到有关AB和AMR信息的个人百分比有所增加（2022年为37.3%，2024年为52.9%，<0.001），报告在过去一年中使用AB的个人百分比也有所增加（2022年为49.0%，2024年为54.0%，=0.056）。消费最多的AB来自观察组，阿奇霉素和头孢曲松排名最高。这些发现支持了执法力度放松导致AB消费量增加这一假设，并强调了公共卫生政策应对这一问题的必要性。
