Zúñiga Daniela, Carretta Francesco, Contreras Macarena, Cornejo Erica, Gallardo Constanza, Guichapani Isidora, Muñoz Constansa
Institute of Psychological Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
Faculty of Law, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso Campus, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile.
Children (Basel). 2024 Aug 13;11(8):974. doi: 10.3390/children11080974.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Evidence indicates that persistent transgressive behaviors often begin early in development and increase around age twelve, and warns that children who exhibit transgressive behaviors in childhood or early adolescence tend to develop criminal behaviors in adulthood which makes childhood a critical unit of analysis for timely intervention. The study examines risk and protective factors in childhood related to illegal behavior, through the perspective of developmental criminology. The observation of risk and protective factors in early stages allows us to design interventions that prevent social adjustment problems in children from becoming more complex by maintaining the transgression of social norms over time. Factors identified by developmental criminology can be organized according to ecological systems theory and discussed in relation to previous criminological studies.
Using a systematic review based on the PRISMA method, the study identifies 24 updated developmental criminology articles that study early protective factors between birth and age twelve.
Risk factors at the individual level include biological, socioemotional, behavioral, symptomatic aspects and adverse life experiences. Individual protective factors include cognitive, socioemotional, and personality development aspects. Risk factors at an interpersonal and contextual level are related to family, school, peers, socioeconomic situation and governance.
This review highlights the importance of recognizing risk and protective factors in child development, contemplating interventions at multiple levels where an articulation between the various institutions involved in child care is possible.
背景/目的：有证据表明，持续性违规行为通常在发育早期开始，并在12岁左右增加，同时警告称，在童年或青春期早期表现出违规行为的儿童在成年后往往会发展为犯罪行为，这使得童年成为及时干预的关键分析单元。本研究从发展犯罪学的角度探讨了童年时期与违法行为相关的风险和保护因素。在早期阶段观察风险和保护因素，有助于我们设计干预措施，通过防止随着时间推移社会规范的持续违反，避免儿童的社会适应问题变得更加复杂。发展犯罪学确定的因素可以根据生态系统理论进行组织，并结合以前的犯罪学研究进行讨论。
本研究采用基于PRISMA方法的系统评价，确定了24篇更新的发展犯罪学文章，这些文章研究了出生至12岁之间的早期保护因素。
个体层面的风险因素包括生物学、社会情感、行为、症状方面以及不良生活经历。个体保护因素包括认知、社会情感和个性发展方面。人际和情境层面的风险因素与家庭、学校、同伴、社会经济状况和治理有关。
本综述强调了认识儿童发展中风险和保护因素的重要性，考虑在多个层面进行干预，使参与儿童保育的各机构之间能够相互衔接。
