Advancing as a Superior Expression Platform through Promoter Engineering.

is recognised as an exceptional expression platform in biomanufacturing due to its ability to produce high-value products. Consequently, metabolic engineering of is increasingly pursued to enhance its utility as a biomanufacturing vehicle. Effective cell factories require promoters that enable regulated expression of target genes. This review discusses recent advancements in the characterisation, synthesis, and engineering of promoters. We highlight the application of constitutive promoters, quorum sensing promoters, and inducible promoters in protein and chemical synthesis. Additionally, we summarise efforts to expand the promoter toolbox through hybrid promoter engineering, transcription factor-based inducible promoter engineering, and ribosome binding site (RBS) engineering.