Rajanala Kalpana, Upadhyay Arun Kumar
Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
Vaccines (Basel). 2024 Aug 22;12(8):936. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12080936.
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic had an extensive impact on global morbidity and mortality. Several other common respiratory viruses, such as the influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are endemic or epidemic agents causing acute respiratory infections that are easily transmissible and pose a significant threat to communities due to efficient person-to-person transmission. These viruses can undergo antigenic variation through genetic mutations, resulting in the emergence of novel strains or variants, thereby diminishing the effectiveness of current vaccines, and necessitating ongoing monitoring and adjustment of vaccine antigens. As the virus-specific immunity is maintained only for several weeks or months after the infection, there is an emergent need to develop effective and durable vaccines. Additionally, specific populations, such as elderly or immunocompromised individuals, may exhibit reduced immune responses to respiratory viruses, posing significant challenges to develop vaccines that elicit durable and potent immunity. We present a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and virulence of common respiratory viruses, such as RSV, influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We discuss several vaccine approaches that are under development. A thorough understanding of the current strategies and the challenges encountered during the vaccine development process can lead to the advancement of effective next-generation vaccines.
2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行对全球发病率和死亡率产生了广泛影响。其他几种常见的呼吸道病毒，如流感病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV），是地方性或流行性病原体，可引起急性呼吸道感染，这些感染易于传播，由于有效的人际传播而对社区构成重大威胁。这些病毒可通过基因突变发生抗原变异，导致新毒株或变体的出现，从而降低现有疫苗的效力，因此需要持续监测和调整疫苗抗原。由于感染后病毒特异性免疫仅维持数周或数月，因此迫切需要开发有效且持久的疫苗。此外，特定人群，如老年人或免疫功能低下者，可能对呼吸道病毒的免疫反应降低，这给开发能引发持久和强效免疫的疫苗带来了重大挑战。我们对常见呼吸道病毒，如呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的发病机制和毒力的分子机制进行了全面综述。我们讨论了几种正在研发的疫苗方法。深入了解当前策略以及疫苗研发过程中遇到的挑战，有助于推进有效的下一代疫苗的研发。
