The effects of long-term application of fomesafen on weed seedbank and resistance levels of L.

L. is one of the invasive malignant weeds in soybean fields. Diphenyl ether herbicides are commonly used to control weeds in soybean fields currently, among which fomesafen is the most widely used. With the long-term use of fomesafen, the weed species in soybean fields in multiple areas declined, and the control effect of fomesafen against decreased significantly. This study aims to confirm the effects of long-term use of fomesafen on weed community richness and the current resistance level of . In this paper, the result of seed germination indicated that the weed community richness decreased significantly due to the long-term application of fomesafen, and the primary dominant weed was . The result of the whole-plant bioassay showed that has developed resistance to fomesafen, and the resistance index was 50~59 g a.i. ha. The resistance level and mechanism of were clarified by target gene detection, enzyme activity determination, and gene expression analysis. The results showed that there were both target resistance with Arg128Gly mutation in the gene and non-target resistance (NTSR), with increased activity of metabolic enzymes (cytochromes P450 (P450s) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTs)) and protective enzymes (peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)) in .