Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
Adv Neurobiol. 2024;37:303-331. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_17.
The mammalian gut contains a community of microorganisms called gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is integrated into mammalian physiology, contributing to metabolism, production of metabolites, and promoting immunomodulatory actions. Microglia, the brain's resident innate immune cells, play an essential role in homeostatic neurogenesis, synaptic remodeling, and glial maturation. Microglial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent findings indicate that microglia are influenced by the gut microbiome and their derived metabolites throughout life. The pathways by which microbiota regulate microglia have only started to be understood, but this discovery has the potential to provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of brain disorders associated with an altered microbiome. Here, we discuss the recent literature on the role of the gut microbiome in modulating microglia during development and adulthood and summarize the key findings on this bidirectional crosstalk in selected examples of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. We also highlight some current caveats and perspectives for the field.
哺乳动物的肠道中存在着一个被称为肠道微生物组的微生物群落。肠道微生物组与哺乳动物的生理学密切相关，有助于代谢、代谢产物的产生，并促进免疫调节作用。小胶质细胞是大脑中固有的先天免疫细胞，在神经发生、突触重塑和神经胶质成熟的稳态中发挥着重要作用。小胶质细胞功能障碍与多种神经精神疾病的发病机制有关。最近的研究结果表明，肠道微生物组及其衍生代谢物在整个生命周期中都会影响小胶质细胞。尽管目前人们才刚刚开始了解微生物群调控小胶质细胞的途径，但这一发现有可能为与微生物组改变相关的脑疾病的发病机制提供有价值的见解。在这里，我们讨论了肠道微生物组在调节发育和成年期小胶质细胞中的作用的最新文献，并总结了在一些神经精神和神经退行性疾病的选择示例中这种双向串扰的关键发现。我们还强调了该领域目前的一些局限性和观点。
