Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 7375 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
Cancer Treat Res. 2024;192:147-163. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-61238-1_8.
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common biliary epithelial malignancy, with an estimated incidence of 1.13 cases per 100,000 in the United States (Hundal and Shaffer in Clin Epidemiol 6:99-109, 2014 1; Henley et al. in Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 24:1319-1326, 2015 2). The insidious nature and late presentation of this disease place it among the most lethal invasive neoplasms. Gallbladder cancer spreads early by lymphatic or hematogenous metastasis, as well as by direct invasion into the liver. While surgery may be curative at early stages, both surgical and nonsurgical treatments remain largely unsuccessful in patients with more advanced diseases (Rahman et al. in Cancer Med 6:874-880, 2017 3).
胆囊癌（GBC）是最常见的胆道上皮恶性肿瘤，据估计，在美国的发病率为每 10 万人中有 1.13 例（Hundal 和 Shaffer 在 Clin Epidemiol 6:99-109, 2014 1；Henley 等人在 Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 24:1319-1326, 2015 2）。这种疾病隐匿的性质和晚期表现使其成为最致命的侵袭性肿瘤之一。胆囊癌通过淋巴或血行转移以及直接侵犯肝脏而早期扩散。虽然手术在早期可能是治愈性的，但手术和非手术治疗在晚期疾病患者中仍然大多不成功（Rahman 等人在 Cancer Med 6:874-880, 2017 3）。
