Ertel Audrey E, Bentrem David, Abbott Daniel E
Cancer Treat Res. 2016;168:101-20. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-34244-3_6.
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common biliary epithelial malignancy, with an estimated 10,910 new cases and 3700 deaths per year (Siegel et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 65:5–29, 2015 [1]). This disease’s insidious nature and typically late presentation place it among the most lethal of invasive neoplasms. Gallbladder cancer spreads early by lymphatic or hematogenous metastasis and by direct invasion into the liver. While surgery may well be curative at early stages, both surgical and nonsurgical treatments remain largely unsuccessful in patients with more advanced disease.
胆囊癌（GBC）是最常见的胆管上皮恶性肿瘤，据估计每年有10910例新发病例和3700例死亡（Siegel等人，《CA：临床医师癌症杂志》，2015年，第65卷，第5 - 29页[1]）。这种疾病隐匿的特性以及通常较晚出现的症状使其成为最致命的侵袭性肿瘤之一。胆囊癌早期通过淋巴或血行转移以及直接侵犯肝脏进行扩散。虽然早期手术有可能治愈，但对于病情较晚的患者，手术和非手术治疗大多仍未取得成功。
