Kuhn Theresa
Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Eur Public Policy. 2024 Jul 22;31(10):3443-3464. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2024.2379443. eCollection 2024.
While Ernst B. Haas is recognized among European integration scholars as a founding figure of neo-functionalism, his later writing on nationalism is less known to European integration scholars. I contribute to this special issue by discussing Haas' later work on liberal nationalism and by reflecting on its insights for the study of collective identities in the European Union today. In a nutshell, Haas expected that (1) national and supranational identities are inherently rational and the expression of a deliberate choice, (2) citizens shift their identities from the national to the European level due to utilitarian considerations, (3) nationalism is not per se destructive, but it comes in many moulds and can be the basis for the international community. I argue that Haas' emphasis on rational and deliberate identity choice clashes with our current understanding of identity as implicit and subliminal. Moreover, his optimism is challenged by the rise of radical-right-wing parties who have successfully mobilized exclusive nationalist identities against European integration. On the other hand, Haas' emphasis on the double-edged nature of collective identity is an important reminder that also European identity, while striving to overcome exclusive nationalism, can reify its exclusiveness at the supranational level.
虽然恩斯特·B·哈斯在欧洲一体化学者中被视为新功能主义的奠基人，但他后来关于民族主义的著作却鲜为欧洲一体化学者所知。我通过讨论哈斯后期关于自由民族主义的著作，并思考其对当今欧盟集体身份认同研究的启示，为本期特刊做出贡献。简而言之，哈斯期望：（1）民族身份和超国家身份本质上是理性的，是深思熟虑选择的体现；（2）公民出于功利性考虑，将其身份认同从国家层面转向欧洲层面；（3）民族主义本身并非具有破坏性，而是有多种形式，并且可以成为国际社会的基础。我认为，哈斯对理性且深思熟虑的身份认同选择的强调，与我们目前将身份认同视为隐含和潜意识的理解相冲突。此外，他的乐观态度受到激进右翼政党崛起的挑战，这些政党成功地动员了排他性的民族身份认同来反对欧洲一体化。另一方面，哈斯对集体身份认同双重性质的强调，是一个重要的提醒，即欧洲身份认同虽然努力克服排他性民族主义，但在超国家层面也可能强化其排他性。
