Ortiz Andrea Monica D, Jamero Ma Laurice, Crespin Silvio Javier, Smith Ramirez Cecilia, Matias Denise Margaret S, Reyes Jameela Joy, Pauchard Aníbal, La Viña Antonio G M
Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile.
Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines.
NPJ Biodivers. 2023 Sep 7;2(1):18. doi: 10.1038/s44185-023-00023-5.
Islands have unique vulnerabilities to biodiversity loss and climate change. Current Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement are insufficient to avoid the irreversible loss of critical island ecosystems. Existing research, policies, and finance also do not sufficiently address small islands' social-environmental challenges. For instance, the new Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) mentions islands in the invasive species management target. This focus is important, as islands are at high risk to biological invasions; however, this is the only GBF target that mentions islands. There are threats of equal or greater urgency to small islands, including coastal hazards and overexploitation. Ecosystems such as coral reefs and mangroves are crucial for biodiversity, coastal protection, and human livelihoods, yet are unaddressed in the GBF. While research and global policy, including targeted financial flows, have a strong focus on Small Island Developing States (SIDS), the situation of other small islands has been largely overlooked. Here, through a review of policy developments and examples from islands in the Philippines and Chile, we urge that conservation and climate change policies place greater emphasis on acknowledging the diversity of small islands and their unique governance challenges, extending the focus beyond SIDS. Moving forward, global policy and research should include the recognition of small islands as metacommunities linked by interacting species and social-ecological systems to emphasize their connectivity rather than their isolation. Coalition-building and knowledge-sharing, particularly with local, Indigenous and traditional knowledge-holders from small islands, is needed to meet global goals on biodiversity and sustainable development by 2030.
岛屿在生物多样性丧失和气候变化方面面临独特的脆弱性。根据《巴黎协定》目前的国家自主贡献不足以避免关键岛屿生态系统的不可逆转损失。现有的研究、政策和资金也没有充分应对小岛屿的社会环境挑战。例如，新的《全球生物多样性框架》（GBF）在入侵物种管理目标中提到了岛屿。这一重点很重要，因为岛屿面临生物入侵的高风险；然而，这是GBF中唯一提到岛屿的目标。对小岛屿来说，还存在同等或更大紧迫性的威胁，包括沿海灾害和过度开发。珊瑚礁和红树林等生态系统对生物多样性、海岸保护和人类生计至关重要，但在GBF中未得到解决。虽然研究和全球政策，包括有针对性的资金流动，都高度关注小岛屿发展中国家（SIDS），但其他小岛屿的情况在很大程度上被忽视了。在此，通过回顾政策发展情况以及菲律宾和智利岛屿的实例，我们敦促保护和气候变化政策更加重视承认小岛屿的多样性及其独特的治理挑战，将关注范围扩大到小岛屿发展中国家之外。展望未来，全球政策和研究应认识到小岛屿是由相互作用的物种和社会生态系统联系起来的元群落，以强调它们的连通性而非孤立性。需要通过建立联盟和知识共享，特别是与小岛屿的地方、原住民和传统知识持有者进行共享，以实现到2030年的生物多样性和可持续发展全球目标。
