Coney Leigh, Peacock Amy, van der Gouwe Daan, Smit-Rigter Laura, Hutten Nadia, Ventura Mireia, Quesada Adrià, Barratt Monica J
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS), Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Addiction. 2025 Jan;120(1):128-137. doi: 10.1111/add.16665. Epub 2024 Sep 12.
Drugs sold on cryptomarkets are thought to have lower levels of adulteration and higher strength compared with those sourced off-line. The present study aimed to determine whether cryptomarket and off-line-sourced 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) differed in adulteration and strength.
A between-groups design was used to compare cryptomarket versus off-line-sourced drugs. Regression analyses controlling for year and service were conducted. Drug-checking services were conducted in Spain (Energy Control) and the Netherlands (Drugs Information and Monitoring System).
The cases comprised drug samples that underwent drug checking between 2016 and 2021 and were expected to contain MDMA (tablets; n = 36 065; powder: n = 6179), cocaine (n = 11 419), amphetamine (n = 6823), methamphetamine (n = 293) and LSD (n = 1817).
Drugs were measured for (1) matching the advertised substance (i.e. containing any amount of the expected substance); (2) strength; (3) presence of adulteration; and (4) number of adulterants.
The expected drug was more likely to be identified when sourced from cryptomarkets versus off-line for MDMA tablets [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28-3.43], MDMA powder (AOR = 2.64, CI = 1.55-4.51), cocaine (AOR = 3.65, CI = 1.98-6.71) and LSD (AOR = 1.75, CI = 1.13-2.72). Cryptomarket-sourced MDMA powder (β = 0.03, P = 0.012), cocaine (β = 0.08, P < 0.001) and methamphetamine (β = 0.15, P = 0.028) were statistically significantly higher in strength than substances from off-line sources. Conversely, MDMA tablets (β = -0.01, P = 0.043) and amphetamine (β = -0.07, P < 0.001) from cryptomarkets were statistically significantly lower in strength than from off-line sources. MDMA powder (AOR = 0.53, CI = 0.33-0.86) and cocaine (AOR = 0.66, CI = 0.55-0.79) were statistically significantly less likely to be adulterated if sourced from cryptomarkets. However, amphetamine (AOR = 1.54, CI = 1.25-1.90) and LSD (AOR = 1.31, CI = 1.00-1.71) were found to be more likely to be adulterated when purchased from cryptomarkets. Cocaine from cryptomarkets exhibited fewer adulterants (incidence rate ratio = 0.71, CI = 0.60-0.85).
The relationship between on-line drug market-places and substance quality varies depending on both the specific substance and the dynamics of the cryptomarket.
与线下来源的毒品相比，暗网市场上售卖的毒品被认为掺假程度更低、效力更强。本研究旨在确定暗网市场来源与线下来源的3,4-亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸）、可卡因、苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺和麦角酸二乙酰胺（LSD）在掺假情况和效力方面是否存在差异。
采用组间设计比较暗网市场毒品与线下来源毒品。进行了控制年份和服务的回归分析。在西班牙（能源控制组织）和荷兰（毒品信息与监测系统）开展了毒品检测服务。
案例包括2016年至2021年间接受毒品检测的样本，预计含有摇头丸（片剂；n = 36065；粉末：n = 6179）、可卡因（n = 11419）、苯丙胺（n = 6823）、甲基苯丙胺（n = 293）和LSD（n = 小1817）。
对毒品进行以下测量：（1）是否与宣传的物质匹配（即含有任何量的预期物质）；（2）效力；（3）是否存在掺假；（4）掺假物数量。
对于摇头丸片剂[调整优势比（AOR）= 2.10，95%置信区间（CI）= 1.28 - 3.43]、摇头丸粉末（AOR = 2.64，CI = 1.55 - 4.51）、可卡因（AOR = 3.65，CI = 1.98 - 6.71）和LSD（AOR = 1.75，CI = 1.13 - 2.72），与线下来源相比，暗网市场来源的预期毒品更有可能被识别出来。暗网市场来源的摇头丸粉末（β = 0.03，P = 0.012）、可卡因（β = 0.08，P < 0.001）和甲基苯丙胺（β = 0.15，P = 0.028）在效力上显著高于线下来源的物质。相反，暗网市场的摇头丸片剂（β = -0.01，P = 0.043）和苯丙胺（β = -0.07，P < 0.001）在效力上显著低于线下来源。如果是暗网市场来源，摇头丸粉末（AOR = 0.53，CI = 0.33 - 0.86）和可卡因（AOR = 0.66，CI = 0.55 - 0.79）在统计上掺假可能性显著更低。然而，发现从暗网市场购买的苯丙胺（AOR = 1.54，CI = 1.25 - 1.90）和LSD（AOR = 1.31，CI = 1.00 - 1.71）更有可能掺假。暗网市场的可卡因掺假物较少（发病率比 = 0.71，CI = 0.60 - 0.85）。
在线毒品市场与物质质量之间的关系因具体物质和暗网市场动态而异。
