Center for Economics and Development Studies, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Cimandiri no. 6-8, Bandung, West Java, 40115, Indonesia.
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM.21, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia.
BMC Public Health. 2024 Sep 12;24(1):2480. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-20003-z.
Individuals working excessive hours is a worldwide phenomenon. In Indonesia, over 32 million people work more than 40 h per week, contributing to around 26% of the workforce. Excessive working may affect health, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. Hypertension affected around 34% of Indonesian adults, approximately 63.3 million people and led to about 427,000 deaths in 2018, and the prevalence remains high at 29.2% in 2023. This study aims to analyze the relationship between work hours and the risk of hypertension among working individuals in Indonesia.
This study used a pooled cross-sectional data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) wave 4 (2007) and wave 5 (2014) and performed a logit regression analysis to examine the likelihood of a working individual having hypertension based on the individual's work hours. A dummy variable of hypertension is created based on the result of blood pressure measurement. The sample consists of 22,500 working individuals in Indonesia. This study controlled for job characteristics, sociodemographic status and health-behavioral risk factors such as BMI and smoking behavior, and performed additional regression analyses for alternative models to check for robustness.
Our findings showed that there is a higher probability of having hypertension for workers who work longer hours by 0.06% points for each additional hour of work (p < 0.01). Other factors such as physical activity and smoking behavior have also been demonstrated to be significantly correlated to the risk of hypertension.
This study revealed a positive relationship between work hours and hypertension. Although this study cannot suggest causality, the strongly significant correlation may provide an idea and an overview regarding the risk of hypertension among working individuals in Indonesia. The Indonesian government could consider conducting further studies to implement and promote flexible working arrangements initiatives and incentive programs to improve workers' health outcomes.
过度工作的现象在全球范围内普遍存在。在印度尼西亚，超过 3200 万人每周工作超过 40 小时，占劳动力的 26%左右。过度工作可能会影响健康，增加患心血管疾病（如高血压）的风险。高血压影响了约 34%的印度尼西亚成年人，约 6330 万人，并导致 2018 年约 42.7 万人死亡，2023 年患病率仍高达 29.2%。本研究旨在分析印度尼西亚工作人群的工作时间与高血压风险之间的关系。
本研究使用了印度尼西亚家庭生活调查（IFLS）第 4 波（2007 年）和第 5 波（2014 年）的汇总横断面数据，并进行了逻辑回归分析，以根据个体的工作时间来检查工作人群中高血压的可能性。根据血压测量结果创建了高血压的虚拟变量。该样本包括 22500 名在印度尼西亚工作的个体。本研究控制了工作特征、社会人口统计学地位以及健康行为风险因素（如 BMI 和吸烟行为），并进行了替代模型的回归分析，以检查稳健性。
我们的研究结果表明，每额外工作 1 小时，患有高血压的可能性就会增加 0.06 个百分点（p<0.01）。其他因素，如身体活动和吸烟行为，也被证明与高血压的风险显著相关。
本研究揭示了工作时间与高血压之间的正相关关系。尽管本研究不能表明因果关系，但这种强烈的相关性可能为印度尼西亚工作人群的高血压风险提供了一个想法和概述。印度尼西亚政府可以考虑进一步研究，实施和推广灵活的工作安排计划和激励计划，以改善工人的健康结果。
