Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Sep 4;25(17):9575. doi: 10.3390/ijms25179575.
Amoxicillin (AMX) is utilized in the treatment of several infectious diseases, and its concentration in wastewater has increased quite significantly over the years, posing high health hazards for humans and other living organisms. Investigations are in progress globally to eliminate AMX and other related pollutants using several methods that include adsorption, photolysis, photocatalytic degradation, photoelectrocatalytic degradation, and electrochemical conversion. AMX can be eliminated efficiently from the environment using photodegradation, either by photolysis or a photocatalytic process. Several types of semiconductor NMs have been used to eliminate AMX and other related drugs present in wastewater. This review spans the photodegradation studies conducted during the years 2018-2024 to degrade and eliminate AMX in aquatic systems. Several studies have been reported to eliminate AMX from different water streams. These studies are categorized into TiO-containing and non-TiO-based catalysts for better comparison. A section on photolysis is also included, showing the use of UV alone or with HO or PS without using any nanomaterial. A tabulated summary of both types of catalysts showing the catalysts, reaction conditions, and degradation efficiency is presented. Researchers have used a variety of reaction conditions that include radiation types (UV, solar, and visible), pH of the solution, concentration of AMX, number of nanomaterials, presence of other additives and activators such as HO as oxidant, and the influence of different salts like NaCl and CaCl on the photodegradation efficiency. TiO was the best nanomaterial found that achieved the highest degradation of AMX in ultraviolet irradiation. TiO doped with other nanomaterials showed very good performance under visible light. WO was also used by several investigators and found quite effective for AMX degradation. Other metal oxides used for AMX elimination were derived from molybdenum, zinc, manganese, copper, cerium, silver, etc. Some researchers have used UV and/or visible irradiation or sunlight, without using solid catalysts, in the presence of oxidants such as HO. A summarized description of earlier published reviews is also presented.
阿莫西林（AMX）被用于治疗多种传染病，其在废水中的浓度近年来显著增加，对人类和其他生物构成了高健康风险。全球正在进行调查，以使用包括吸附、光解、光催化降解、光电催化降解和电化学转化在内的几种方法来消除 AMX 和其他相关污染物。通过光降解，无论是通过光解还是光催化过程，都可以有效地从环境中消除 AMX。已经使用了几种类型的半导体纳米材料来消除废水中的 AMX 和其他相关药物。本综述涵盖了 2018-2024 年期间进行的光降解研究，以降解和消除水系统中的 AMX。已经有报道称，从不同的水流中消除 AMX。这些研究分为含 TiO 的和非 TiO 基催化剂进行更好的比较。还包括光解部分，展示了单独使用 UV 或与 HO 或 PS 一起使用而不使用任何纳米材料的情况。列出了两种类型的催化剂的摘要，显示了催化剂、反应条件和降解效率。研究人员使用了各种反应条件，包括辐射类型（UV、太阳和可见光）、溶液的 pH 值、AMX 的浓度、纳米材料的数量、其他添加剂和氧化剂如 HO 的存在，以及不同盐如 NaCl 和 CaCl 对光降解效率的影响。TiO 是发现的在紫外线照射下能使 AMX 达到最高降解率的最佳纳米材料。TiO 掺杂其他纳米材料在可见光下表现出非常好的性能。WO 也被几位研究人员使用，并发现对 AMX 降解非常有效。用于消除 AMX 的其他金属氧化物来自钼、锌、锰、铜、铈、银等。一些研究人员在存在氧化剂如 HO 的情况下，使用 UV 和/或可见光辐射或阳光，而不使用固体催化剂。还介绍了早些时候发表的综述的摘要描述。
