Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Zoonoses Public Health. 2024 Dec;71(8):962-971. doi: 10.1111/zph.13179. Epub 2024 Sep 17.
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) are widespread multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria that threaten animal production, food safety and antimicrobial therapy worldwide including Malaysia. Poultry has been reported as one of the pathways for human exposure to ESBL-EC. There has been little research on the occurrence of ESBL-EC within the Malaysian poultry food chain. Hence, the objectives of the study were to determine the occurrence of ESBL-EC in chickens and to identify the potential risk factors associated with their occurrence in poultry farms.
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 samples, consisting of 240 cloacal swabs from chickens and 160 from poultry farms environments in eight districts in Selangor, Malaysia using culture and disk combination methods and multiple polymerase chain reaction assays. In the determination of possible factors associated with the presence of ESBL-EC at poultry farms, a questionnaire was used to obtain the information and data.
The findings demonstrated the wide distribution of ESBL-EC in all the farms with an overall occurrence of 37.2%. Farms in Gombak, Klang and Hulu Selangor had the highest occurrence rates at 62%, 50% and 50%, respectively, followed by farms in Petaling 38%, Sepang at 34%, Kuala Langat at 26% and Kuala Selangor at 24%, and the lowest was in Hulu Langat 14%. Among the study samples, chickens had the highest occurrence rate at 45.4%, followed by chicken house floors at 40% and flies at 30%, while feed and water samples at 17.5% and 12.5%, respectively. The present study indicated the high occurrence and wide dissemination of ESBL-EC in chickens and poultry farms environment. The ESBL-EC occurrence was associated with several factors including imprudent use of antibiotics, poor husbandry, management and biosecurity practices at the farms.
Our study showed the presence and spread of ESBL EC among chickens in the farms and their environment; this may lead to being spread to outside of farm environment by flies, vermins, flying birds, litter and farm wastes and possibly to humans upon contact with the contaminated environment and by poultry meat. Thus, the findings of the study can assist to serve as a piece of useful information to veterinary authority in designing evidence-based mitigation strategies for the control of ESBL-EC in poultry farms.
产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠杆菌（ESBL-EC）是一种广泛存在的、具有多重耐药性的人畜共患病细菌，对全球的动物生产、食品安全和抗菌治疗构成威胁，包括马来西亚。家禽已被报道为人类接触 ESBL-EC 的途径之一。马来西亚家禽食物链中 ESBL-EC 的发生情况研究甚少。因此，本研究的目的是确定鸡群中 ESBL-EC 的发生情况，并确定与农场家禽中 ESBL-EC 发生相关的潜在危险因素。
采用横断面研究方法，对马来西亚雪兰莪州 8 个地区的 400 个样本（240 份鸡肛拭子和 160 份家禽养殖场环境样本）进行研究，采用培养和药敏组合方法及多重聚合酶链反应检测。在确定与家禽养殖场 ESBL-EC 存在相关的可能因素时，使用问卷获取信息和数据。
研究结果表明，ESBL-EC 在所有农场中广泛分布，总发生率为 37.2%。戈马、巴生和乌鲁雪兰莪的农场发生率最高，分别为 62%、50%和 50%，紧随其后的是八打灵、雪邦、瓜拉冷岳、乌鲁冷岳的农场发生率分别为 38%、34%、26%和 24%，最低的是乌鲁雪兰莪的 14%。在所研究的样本中，鸡的发生率最高，为 45.4%，其次是鸡舍地板的 40%和苍蝇的 30%，而饲料和水的发生率分别为 17.5%和 12.5%。本研究表明，ESBL-EC 在鸡群和家禽养殖场环境中广泛存在且传播广泛。ESBL-EC 的发生与多种因素有关，包括农场中抗生素的不合理使用、不良的饲养、管理和生物安全措施。
本研究表明，农场鸡群及其环境中存在 ESBL-EC，并可能通过苍蝇、害虫、飞鸟、垃圾和农场废物传播到农场环境之外，并可能通过受污染的环境和家禽肉传播给人类。因此，本研究结果可以为兽医当局提供有用的信息，帮助制定基于证据的减轻策略，以控制农场家禽中的 ESBL-EC。
