Andrade Cátia Sufia, Borges Maria Helena R, Silva João Pedro, Malheiros Samuel, Sacramento Catharina, Ruiz Karina G S, da Cruz Nilson C, Rangel Elidiane C, Fortulan Carlos, Figueiredo Luciene, Nagay Bruna E, Souza Joāo Gabriel S, Barão Valentim A R
Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
Laboratory of Technological Plasmas, Engineering College, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av Três de Março, 511, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2025 Jan;245:114237. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114237. Epub 2024 Sep 11.
Titanium (Ti) is an ideal material for dental implants due to its excellent properties. However, corrosion and mechanical wear lead to Ti ions and particles release, triggering inflammatory responses and bone resorption. To overcome these challenges, surface modification techniques are used, including micro-arc oxidation (MAO). MAO creates adherent, porous coatings on Ti implants with diverse chemical compositions. In this context, zirconia element stands out in its wear and corrosion properties associated with low friction and chemical stability. Therefore, we investigated the impact of adding zirconium oxide (ZrO) to Ti surfaces through MAO, aiming for improved electrochemical and mechanical properties. Additionally, the antimicrobial and modulatory potentials, cytocompatibility, and proteomic profile of surfaces were investigated. Ti discs were divided into four groups: machined - control (cpTi), treated by MAO with 0.04 M KOH - control (KOH), and two experimental groups incorporating ZrO at concentrations of 0.04 M and 0.08 M, composing the KOH@Zr4 and KOH@Zr8 groups. KOH@Zr8 showed higher surface porosity and roughness, even distribution of zirconia, formation of crystalline phases like ZrTiO, and hydrophilicity. ZrO groups showed better mechanical performance including higher hardness values, lower wear area and mass loss, and higher friction coefficient under tribological conditions. The formation of a more compact oxide layer was observed, which favors the electrochemical stability of ZrO surfaces. Besides not inducing greater biofilm formation, ZrO surfaces reduced the load of pathogenic bacteria evidenced by the DNA-DNA checkerboard analysis. ZrO surfaces were cytocompatible with pre-osteoblastic cells. The saliva proteomic profile, evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, was slightly changed by zirconia, with more proteins adsorbed. KOH@Zr8 group notably absorbed proteins crucial for implant biological responses, like albumin and fibronectin. Incorporating ZrO improved the mechanical and electrochemical behavior of Ti surfaces, as well as modulated biofilm composition and provided suitable biological responses.
钛（Ti）因其优异的性能而成为牙科植入物的理想材料。然而，腐蚀和机械磨损会导致钛离子和颗粒释放，引发炎症反应和骨吸收。为了克服这些挑战，人们采用了表面改性技术，包括微弧氧化（MAO）。微弧氧化可在钛植入物上形成具有多种化学成分的附着性多孔涂层。在此背景下，氧化锆元素在其与低摩擦和化学稳定性相关的磨损和腐蚀性能方面表现突出。因此，我们研究了通过微弧氧化在钛表面添加氧化锆（ZrO）的影响，旨在改善其电化学和机械性能。此外，还研究了表面的抗菌和调节潜力、细胞相容性以及蛋白质组学特征。将钛盘分为四组：机械加工对照组（cpTi）、用0.04 M KOH进行微弧氧化处理的对照组（KOH），以及两个分别加入浓度为0.04 M和0.08 M氧化锆的实验组，即KOH@Zr4组和KOH@Zr8组。KOH@Zr8组表现出更高的表面孔隙率和粗糙度、氧化锆分布均匀、形成了如ZrTiO等晶相以及亲水性。氧化锆组表现出更好的机械性能，包括更高的硬度值、更低的磨损面积和质量损失，以及在摩擦学条件下更高的摩擦系数。观察到形成了更致密的氧化层，这有利于氧化锆表面的电化学稳定性。氧化锆表面除了不会诱导更多生物膜形成外，通过DNA-DNA棋盘分析证明还降低了病原菌的负荷。氧化锆表面与前成骨细胞具有细胞相容性。通过液相色谱-串联质谱联用评估的唾液蛋白质组学特征因氧化锆而略有变化，吸附的蛋白质更多。KOH@Zr8组显著吸附了对植入物生物学反应至关重要的蛋白质，如白蛋白和纤连蛋白。加入氧化锆改善了钛表面的机械和电化学行为，调节了生物膜组成，并提供了合适的生物学反应。
