Exploring microbial diversity and function in companion planting systems of white clover and orchard grass.

Companion planting of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), a famous hay grass, improves the forage quality of orchard grass. Microbiome profiling techniques can reveal the specific role of white clover companion planting with orchard grass. This study aimed to explore the microbiome distribution and gene functions of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil via companion planting systems of white clover and orchard grass. From metagenomics sequencing analysis, we confirmed the significant role of white clover on soil environment modeling during companion planting with orchard grass. Twenty-eight biomarkers of rhizosphere soil organisms were identified during companion planting, including Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, and Caulobacterales. The number of gene functions of nitrogen and carbon fixation in companion planting was higher than that in single plants, indicating new functional flora for companion planting. We characterized specific rhizosphere effects, typical biomarker flora, and potential regulatory mechanisms for white clover-related companion planting by metagenomics analyses.