Recent advances in the development and clinical application of miRNAs in infectious diseases.

In the search for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for infectious diseases, several molecules have been investigated. Small RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRs), are important regulators of gene expression, and have emerged as promising candidates for these purposes. MiRs are a class of small, endogenous non-coding RNAs that play critical roles in several human diseases, including host-pathogen interaction mechanisms. Recently, miRs signatures have been reported in different infectious diseases, opening new perspectives for molecular diagnosis and therapy. MiR profiles can discriminate between healthy individuals and patients, as well as distinguish different disease stages. Furthermore, the possibility of assessing miRs in biological fluids, such as serum and whole blood, renders these molecules feasible for the development of new non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tools. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively describe miRs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in infectious diseases and explore how they can contribute to the advance of existing and new tools. Additionally, we will discuss different miR analysis platforms to understand the obstacles and advances of this molecular approach and propose their potential clinical applications and contributions to public health.