Transcriptome and metabolism study reveals impact of nitrogen fertilizer on triticale.

Autumn-sown forage triticale can effectively leverage the optimal light and heat conditions in Ningxia, a region that boasts an abundance of light and heat resources sufficient for a single seasonal crop, but limited for two seasons. This not only fully utilizes the limited growing season but also significantly improves grass yield and economic efficiency per unit area. To enhance triticale yield in low-light and low-temperature environments, we investigated the impact of applying different concentrations of nitrogen fertilizer on triticale forage yield. Our findings revealed that nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased triticale biomass, with the N4 treatment group exhibiting the most profound effect. To further explore the mechanisms behind nitrogen fertilizer's regulation of triticale growth and development, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic studies. These studies revealed that nitrogen fertilizer application significantly heightened transcription activity and protein synthesis in triticale, fostering the development of its seeds. Additionally, appropriate concentrations of nitrogen fertilizer significantly promoted photosynthesis. Metabolomic analysis revealed that nitrogen fertilizer application increased the levels of proline and O-phosphoethanolamine, enhancing triticale's stress resistance and supporting its growth and development under adverse conditions.