Asmawi Azren Aida, Adam Fatmawati, Mohd Azman Nurul Aini, Abdul Rahman Mohd Basyaruddin
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Gambang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia.
Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom, 42610, Selangor, Malaysia.
Heliyon. 2024 Aug 29;10(18):e37132. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37132. eCollection 2024 Sep 30.
The cultivation of oil palms is of great importance in the global agricultural industry due to its role as a primary source of vegetable oil with a wide range of applications. However, the sustainability of this industry is threatened by the presence of pathogenic fungi, particularly spp., which cause detrimental oil palm disease known as basal stem rot (BSR). This unfavorable condition eventually leads to significant productivity losses in the harvest, with reported yield reductions of 50-80 % in severely affected plantations. Azole-based fungicides offer potential solutions to control BSR, but their efficacy is hampered by limited solubility, penetration, distribution, and bioavailability. Recent advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for the development of nanosized delivery systems. These systems enable effective fungicide delivery to target pathogens and enhance the bioavailability of azole fungicides while minimising environmental and human health risks. In field trials, the application of azole-based nanofungicides resulted in up to 75 % reduction in disease incidence compared to conventional fungicide treatments. These innovations offer opportunities for the development of sustainable agricultural practices. This review highlights the importance of oil palm cultivation concerning the ongoing challenges posed by pathogenic fungi and examines the potential of azole-based fungicides for disease control. It also reviews recent advances in nanotechnology for fungicide delivery, explores the mechanisms behind these nanodelivery systems, and emphasises the opportunities and challenges associated with azole-based nanofungicides. Hence, this review provides valuable insights for future nanofungicide development in effective oil palm disease control.
油棕种植在全球农业产业中具有重要意义，因为它是一种具有广泛用途的植物油的主要来源。然而，该产业的可持续性受到致病真菌的威胁，特别是 spp.，它们会引发一种有害的油棕疾病，称为基部茎腐病（BSR）。这种不利状况最终导致收获时产量大幅损失，据报道，在受严重影响的种植园中，产量会降低50%-80%。基于唑类的杀菌剂为控制基部茎腐病提供了潜在的解决方案，但其效果受到溶解度、渗透性、分布和生物利用度有限的阻碍。纳米技术的最新进展为纳米级递送系统的开发铺平了道路。这些系统能够将杀菌剂有效地递送至目标病原体，提高唑类杀菌剂的生物利用度，同时将环境和人类健康风险降至最低。在田间试验中，与传统杀菌剂处理相比，基于唑类的纳米杀菌剂的应用使发病率降低了75%。这些创新为可持续农业实践的发展提供了机会。本综述强调了油棕种植在应对致病真菌带来的持续挑战方面的重要性，并研究了基于唑类的杀菌剂在疾病控制方面的潜力。它还回顾了纳米技术在杀菌剂递送方面的最新进展，探讨了这些纳米递送系统背后的机制，并强调了与基于唑类的纳米杀菌剂相关的机遇和挑战。因此，本综述为未来有效控制油棕疾病的纳米杀菌剂开发提供了有价值的见解。
