Elmalky Mohammed Ibrahim, Alvarez-Bolado Gonzalo, Younsi Alexander, Skutella Thomas
Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Group for Regeneration and Reprogramming, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Biology (Basel). 2024 Sep 7;13(9):703. doi: 10.3390/biology13090703.
Axonal regeneration in the spinal cord after traumatic injuries presents a challenge for researchers, primarily due to the nature of adult neurons and the inhibitory environment that obstructs neuronal regrowth. Here, we review current knowledge of the intricate network of molecular and cellular mechanisms that hinder axonal regeneration, with a focus on myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) and other inhibitory guidance molecules, as well as the pivotal pathways implicated in both inhibiting and facilitating axonal regrowth, such as PKA/AMP, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and Trk, alongside the regulatory roles of neurotrophins and axonal guidance cues. We also examine current insights into gene therapy, tissue engineering, and pharmacological interventions that show promise in overcoming barriers to axonal regrowth.
创伤性损伤后脊髓中的轴突再生对研究人员来说是一项挑战，主要是由于成体神经元的特性以及阻碍神经元再生的抑制性环境。在此，我们回顾了阻碍轴突再生的分子和细胞机制复杂网络的当前知识，重点关注髓磷脂相关抑制剂（MAIs）和其他抑制性导向分子，以及与抑制和促进轴突再生相关的关键信号通路，如PKA/AMP、PI3K/Akt/mTOR和Trk，同时探讨神经营养因子和轴突导向线索的调节作用。我们还研究了目前在基因治疗、组织工程和药物干预方面的见解，这些方法在克服轴突再生障碍方面显示出前景。
