Horgan Finbarr G
EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 County Cork, Ireland.
Faculty of Agrarian and Forest Sciences, School of Agronomy, Catholic University of Maule, Casilla 7-D, Curicó 3349001, Chile.
Insects. 2024 Aug 29;15(9):652. doi: 10.3390/insects15090652.
In recent decades, research on developing and deploying resistant rice has accelerated due to the availability of modern molecular tools and, in particular, advances in marker-assisted selection. However, progress in understanding virulence adaptation has been relatively slow. This review tracks patterns in virulence adaptation to resistance genes (particularly , , , and ) and examines the nature of virulence based on selection experiments, responses by virulent populations to differential rice varieties (i.e., varieties with different resistance genes), and breeding experiments that interpret the genetic mechanisms underlying adaptation. The review proposes that varietal resistance is best regarded as a combination of minor and major resistance traits against which planthoppers develop partial or complete virulence through heritable improvements that are reversable or through evolutionary adaptation, respectively. Agronomic practices, deployment patterns, and herbivore population pressures determine the rates of adaptation, and there is growing evidence that pesticide detoxification mechanisms can accelerate virulence adaptation. Research to delay adaptation has mainly focused on gene pyramiding (i.e., including ≥ two major genes in a variety) and multilines (i.e., including ≥ two resistant varieties in a field or landscape); however, these strategies have not been adequately tested and, if not managed properly, could inadvertently accelerate adaptation compared to sequential deployment. Several research gaps remain and considerable improvements in research methods are required to better understand and manage virulence adaptation.
近几十年来，由于现代分子工具的出现，特别是标记辅助选择技术的进步，培育和推广抗性水稻的研究加速推进。然而，在理解毒力适应性方面的进展相对缓慢。本综述追踪了稻飞虱对抗性基因（特别是 、 、 和 ）的毒力适应模式，并基于选择实验、毒力种群对不同水稻品种（即具有不同抗性基因的品种）的反应以及解释适应背后遗传机制的育种实验，研究了毒力的本质。该综述提出，品种抗性最好被视为由次要和主要抗性性状组成的组合，针对这些性状，稻飞虱分别通过可逆转的遗传改良或进化适应形成部分或完全的毒力。农艺措施、种植模式和食草动物种群压力决定了适应的速度，并且越来越多的证据表明，农药解毒机制可以加速毒力适应。延缓适应的研究主要集中在基因聚合（即一个品种中包含≥两个主要基因）和多系品种（即一块田地或一片区域中包含≥两个抗性品种）；然而，这些策略尚未得到充分测试，如果管理不当，与顺序种植相比可能会无意中加速适应。仍存在一些研究空白，需要在研究方法上有相当大的改进，以更好地理解和管理毒力适应。
