Grenda Tomasz, Grenda Anna, Jakubczyk Anna, Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk Kamila
Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Patyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University in Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
Pathogens. 2024 Sep 10;13(9):780. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13090780.
The cluster of genes determining the production of botulinum toxins is an attribute of not only the species. This cluster is also found in other members of the genus, such as , , and . The occurrence of a botulinum-like cluster has also been recorded in strains of other genera, i.e., , as well as in a Gram-negative species isolated from freshwater sediments; however, the biological activity of -related genes has not been noted. It can be said that the mentioned species have a dual nature. Another species with a dual nature is . This bacterium is a common human and animal gut commensal bacterium and is also frequently found in the environment. Although non-toxigenic strains are currently used as probiotics in Asia, other strains have been implicated in pathological conditions, such as botulism in infants or necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. Additionally, strains are rare opportunistic pathogens associated with botulism intoxication. They have been isolated from food and soil and can be carried asymptomatically or cause botulism outbreaks in animals and humans. In addition to the mentioned clostridia, the other microorganisms considered as non-toxigenic have also been suspected of carrying botulinum cluster Gram-negative bacteria, such as isolated from freshwater sediments; however, the biological activity of -related genes has not been noted. Additionally, strains have been discovered carrying BoNT-related clusters (BoNT/En). Literature data regarding the heterogeneity of BoNT-producing strains indicate the requirement to reclassify species and other microorganisms able to produce BoNTs or possess botulinum-like gene clusters. This article aims to show the dual nature of strains not belonging to the species that are sporadically able to carry clusters, which are usually considered saprophytic and even probiotic, and -like clusters in microorganisms from other genera. The aim was also to consider the genetic mechanisms of botulinum cluster expression in strains that are considered opportunistic and the microbiological safety aspects associated with their occurrence in the environment.
决定肉毒杆菌毒素产生的基因簇不仅是该物种的一个特性。在该属的其他成员中也发现了这个基因簇，比如[具体成员1]、[具体成员2]和[具体成员3]。在其他属的菌株中也记录到了类似肉毒杆菌的基因簇，即[具体属1]，以及从淡水沉积物中分离出的一种革兰氏阴性菌；然而，与[相关基因]相关的基因的生物活性尚未被发现。可以说，上述物种具有双重性质。另一个具有双重性质的物种是[具体物种]。这种细菌是人和动物肠道中常见的共生菌，在环境中也经常被发现。尽管目前亚洲将非产毒菌株用作益生菌，但其他菌株与一些病理状况有关，如婴儿肉毒中毒或早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎。此外，[具体菌株]是与肉毒中毒相关的罕见机会致病菌。它们已从食物和土壤中分离出来，可无症状携带或在动物和人类中引发肉毒中毒疫情。除了上述梭菌外，其他被认为是非产毒的微生物也被怀疑携带肉毒杆菌基因簇，如从淡水沉积物中分离出的[具体革兰氏阴性菌]；然而，与[相关基因]相关的基因的生物活性尚未被发现。此外，已发现[具体菌株]携带与肉毒毒素相关的基因簇（肉毒毒素/[具体基因]）。关于产肉毒毒素菌株异质性的文献数据表明，需要对[具体物种]和其他能够产生肉毒毒素或拥有类似肉毒杆菌基因簇的微生物进行重新分类。本文旨在展示不属于[具体物种]的菌株的双重性质，这些菌株偶尔能够携带通常被认为是腐生甚至益生菌的[具体基因簇]，以及其他属微生物中的类似[具体基因簇]。目的还在于考虑被认为是机会致病菌的菌株中肉毒杆菌基因簇表达的遗传机制，以及与它们在环境中出现相关的微生物安全方面。
