Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Progress in Synthesis and Application in Drug Delivery.

Recent developments in nanotechnology have provided efficient and promising methods for the treatment of diseases to achieve better therapeutic results and lower side effects. Titanium dioxide (TiO) nanomaterials are emerging inorganic nanomaterials with excellent properties such as low toxicity and easy functionalization. TiO with special nanostructures can be used as delivery vehicles for drugs, genes and antigens for various therapeutic options. The exploration of TiO-based drug delivery systems shows great promise for translating nanotechnology into clinical applications; Comprehensive data on titanium dioxide were collected from reputable online databases including PubMed, GreenMedical, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, and National Intellectual Property Administration; In this review, we discuss the synthesis pathways and functionalization strategies of TiO. Recent advances of TiO as a drug delivery system, including sustained and controlled drug release delivery systems were introduced. Rigorous long-term systematic toxicity assessment is an extremely critical step in application to the clinic, and toxicity is still a problem that needs to be closely monitored; Despite the great progress made in TiO-based smart systems, there is still a great potential for development. Future research may focus on developing dual-reaction delivery systems and single-reaction delivery systems like redox and enzyme reactions. Undertaking thorough in vivo investigations is necessary prior to initiating human clinical trials. The high versatility of these smart drug delivery systems will drive the development of novel nanomedicines for personalized treatment and diagnosis of many diseases with poor prognosis.