Andrade Amanda Cristina, Borsoi Felipe Tecchio, Saliba Ana Sofia Martelli Chaib, de Alencar Severino Matias, Pastore Glaucia Maria, Arruda Henrique Silvano
Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DECAN), School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil.
Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
Plants (Basel). 2024 Sep 12;13(18):2560. doi: 10.3390/plants13182560.
The peel represents a significant portion of the araticum fruit (about 40%), which becomes waste after its consumption or processing. Previous studies have shown that the araticum peel is rich in phenolic compounds; however, little is known about the ideal conditions for recovering these compounds. Therefore, response surface methodology, using a central composite rotatable design, was employed to optimize the extraction process to maximize the total phenolic compounds (TPCs) and enhance the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) from araticum peel. The variables optimized were ethanol concentration (EC; 20-80%, ), extraction time (ET; 5-45 min), and solid-solvent ratio (SSR; 10-100 mg/mL). Additionally, condensed tannins, antioxidant capacity against synthetic free radicals (TEAC and FRAP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the phenolic compounds profile, were evaluated. Optimum extraction conditions were 50% () ethanol concentration, 5 min of extraction time, and 10 mg/mL solid-solvent ratio. Under these conditions, experimental TPCs and TEAC values were 70.16 mg GAE/g dw and 667.22 µmol TE/g dw, respectively, comparable with predicted models (68.47 mg GAE/g dw for TPCs and 677.04 µmol TE/g dw for TEAC). A high condensed tannins content (76.49 mg CE/g dw) was also observed and 12 phenolic compounds were identified, predominantly flavonoids (97.77%), including procyanidin B2, epicatechin, and catechin as the major compounds. Moreover, a potent antioxidant activity was observed against synthetic free radicals and ROS, especially in scavenging peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. From this study, we obtained the ideal conditions for recovering phenolic compounds from araticum peel using a simple, fast, sustainable, and effective method, offering a promising opportunity for the management of this plant byproduct.
果皮占刺果番荔枝果实的很大一部分（约40%），在其食用或加工后会成为废弃物。先前的研究表明，刺果番荔枝果皮富含酚类化合物；然而，对于回收这些化合物的理想条件知之甚少。因此，采用响应面法并结合中心复合旋转设计，对提取工艺进行优化，以最大化总酚类化合物（TPC）含量，并提高刺果番荔枝果皮的Trolox当量抗氧化能力（TEAC）。优化的变量包括乙醇浓度（EC；20 - 80%）、提取时间（ET；5 - 45分钟）和固液比（SSR；10 - 100毫克/毫升）。此外，还评估了缩合单宁、对合成自由基（TEAC和FRAP）以及活性氧（ROS）的抗氧化能力，以及酚类化合物谱。最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度50%、提取时间5分钟和固液比10毫克/毫升。在此条件下，实验测得的TPC和TEAC值分别为70.16毫克没食子酸当量/克干重和667.22微摩尔TE/克干重，与预测模型（TPC为68.47毫克没食子酸当量/克干重，TEAC为677.04微摩尔TE/克干重）相当。还观察到缩合单宁含量较高（76.49毫克儿茶素当量/克干重），并鉴定出12种酚类化合物，主要为黄酮类（97.77%），其中原花青素B2、表儿茶素和儿茶素为主要成分。此外，观察到对合成自由基和ROS具有较强的抗氧化活性，尤其是在清除过氧自由基和羟基自由基方面。通过本研究，我们获得了使用简单、快速、可持续且有效的方法从刺果番荔枝果皮中回收酚类化合物的理想条件，为该植物副产品的管理提供了一个有前景的机会。
