BrICE1 and BrICE2 Positively Regulate the Cold Tolerance via CBF and ROS Pathways, Balancing Growth and Defense in Transgenic Arabidopsis.

Winter rapeseed () has a good chilling and freezing tolerance. inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) plays a crucial role in cold signaling in plants; however, its role in remains unclear. In this study, we identified 41 homologous genes from six widely cultivated Brassica species. These genes exhibited high conservation, with evolutionary complexity between diploid and allotetraploid species. Cold stress induced homolog expression, with differences between strongly and weakly cold-tolerant varieties. Two novel paralogs, and , were cloned from Longyou 6. Subcellular localization assays showed that they localized to the nucleus, and low temperature did not affect their nuclear localization. The overexpression of and increased cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and enhanced reactive oxygen species' (ROS) scavenging ability. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that overexpression of and inhibited root growth in Arabidopsis, and low temperatures could induce the degradation of BrICE1 and BrICE2 via the 26S-proteasome pathway. In summary, homologous genes exhibit complex evolutionary relationships in Brassica species and are involved in the C-repeat/DREB binding factor (CBF) pathway and ROS scavenging mechanism in response to cold stress; these regulating mechanisms might also be responsible for balancing the development and cold defense of .