Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Pachuca 42076, Hidalgo, Mexico.
Nutrients. 2024 Sep 14;16(18):3108. doi: 10.3390/nu16183108.
In the last two decades, the consumption of plant-based dairy substitutes in place of animal-based milk has increased in different geographic regions of the world. Dairy substitutes of vegetable origin have a quantitative composition of macronutrients such as animal milk, although the composition of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as well as bioactive components, is completely different from that of animal milk. Many milk components have been shown to have relevant effects on the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, the aim of this review is to compare the effects obtained by previous works on the composition of the gut microbiota after the ingestion of animal milk and/or vegetable beverages. In general, the results obtained in the included studies were very positive for animal milk intake. Thus, we found an increase in gut microbiota richness and diversity, increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids, and beneficial microbes such as , lactobacilli, , or . In other cases, we found a significant decrease in potential harmful bacteria such as Proteobacteria, , or after animal-origin milk intake. Vegetable beverages have also generally produced positive results in the gut microbiota such as the increase in the relative presence of lactobacilli, or . However, we also found some potential negative results, such as increases in the presence of potential pathogens such as , and . From the perspective of their effects on the intestinal microbiota, milks of animal origin appear to be more beneficial for human health than their vegetable substitutes. These different effects on the intestinal microbiota should be considered in those cases where the replacement of animal milks by vegetable substitutes is recommended.
在过去的二十年中，世界各地不同地理区域的植物性乳制品替代动物奶的消费有所增加。植物性乳制品在宏量营养素方面与动物奶具有定量组成，尽管碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的组成以及生物活性成分与动物奶完全不同。许多牛奶成分已被证明对肠道微生物群具有相关影响。因此，本综述的目的是比较以前关于摄入动物奶和/或植物性饮料后肠道微生物群组成的研究结果。 一般来说，动物奶摄入的研究结果非常积极。因此，我们发现肠道微生物群丰富度和多样性增加，短链脂肪酸产生增加，以及有益微生物如、、或增加。在其他情况下，我们发现摄入动物源性奶后，潜在有害细菌如变形菌门、、或显著减少。植物性饮料通常也会对肠道微生物群产生积极影响，例如乳杆菌、、或相对丰度增加。然而，我们也发现了一些潜在的负面结果，例如潜在病原体如、和的存在增加。从对肠道微生物群的影响来看，动物源奶似乎比其植物替代品更有益于人类健康。在建议用植物替代品替代动物奶的情况下，应考虑这些对肠道微生物群的不同影响。
