Ahmad Shaikh I, Rudd Kristen L, LeWinn Kaja Z, Mason W Alex, Graff J Carolyn, Roubinov Danielle S, Bush Nicole R
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 2024 Oct 4:1-15. doi: 10.1017/S0954579424001147.
Children's externalizing behaviors are associated with impairments across the lifespan. Developmental psychopathology theories propose transactional (bidirectional) associations between child externalizing behaviors and parenting during childhood and adolescence. Yet, these foundational relations in early childhood are not well-studied. Utilizing a large, mixed-sex sample, we examined the reciprocal nature of parenting and child externalizing behaviors across early childhood using robust repeated-measures models. Repeated measures data were drawn from a socioeconomically diverse, longitudinal pregnancy cohort of 1287 (64% Black, 31% White) mother-child dyads at four time points (ages one to six). Three variables were included in cross-lagged panel models: observed parenting quality, child externalizing symptoms, and a maternal risk composite. In covariate-adjusted models, higher parenting quality at Wave 1 predicted lower child externalizing symptoms at Wave 2. Higher externalizing symptoms at Wave 1 and Wave 2 predicted lower parenting quality at Wave 2 and Wave 3, respectively. Maternal risk and parenting quality were not significantly associated. Findings showed both parent-driven and child-driven effects across early childhood that did not vary by child sex. The transactional nature of the parent-child relationship begins in infancy, underscoring the importance of early screening and provision of supports for families to minimize and prevent the development of serious psychopathology.
儿童的外化行为与一生的功能损害相关。发展心理病理学理论提出了儿童外化行为与童年及青少年期养育方式之间的交互（双向）关联。然而，幼儿期的这些基础关系尚未得到充分研究。我们利用一个大型的、混合性别的样本，使用稳健的重复测量模型，研究了幼儿期养育方式与儿童外化行为之间的相互关系。重复测量数据来自一个社会经济背景多样的纵向孕期队列，该队列包含1287对母婴二元组（64%为黑人，31%为白人），在四个时间点（1至6岁）进行测量。交叉滞后面板模型纳入了三个变量：观察到的养育质量、儿童外化症状和一个母亲风险综合指标。在协变量调整模型中，第1波时较高的养育质量预测了第2波时较低的儿童外化症状。第1波和第2波时较高的外化症状分别预测了第2波和第3波时较低的养育质量。母亲风险与养育质量没有显著关联。研究结果表明，在幼儿期存在父母驱动和儿童驱动的效应，且这些效应不因儿童性别而有所不同。亲子关系的交互性质始于婴儿期，这凸显了早期筛查以及为家庭提供支持以尽量减少和预防严重精神病理学发展的重要性。
