Marceau Kristine, Lee Sohee, Datta Muskan, Robertson Olivia C, Shaw Daniel S, Natsuaki Misaki N, Leve Leslie D, Ganiban Jody M, Neiderhiser Jenae M
Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University.
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh.
Dev Psychol. 2024 Oct 31. doi: 10.1037/dev0001886.
Both longer term developmental changes (increases in hostility, decreases in warmth) and lability (year-to-year fluctuations) in parent-child relationship quality across childhood and adolescence have been linked to adolescent externalizing behaviors. Using a prospective longitudinal study of 561 children who were adopted into nonrelative families at birth (57% male, 56% White, 19% multiracial, 13% Black, 11% Hispanic) where parental warmth and hostility reflect environmental influences or child-evoked reactions, we examined associations between parent-child relationship measures and externalizing behaviors at age 11 and across adolescence (i.e., from age 11 to 13-15 years). Because studies considering gene-environment interplay especially in associations between lability and child externalizing behaviors are sparse and parent-child relationship measures support the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology, we also tested whether parent psychopathology of both adoptive parent (AP; environmental intergenerational transmission) and birth parents (genetic intergenerational transmission) moderated these associations in multivariate regression models. Findings generally supported more effects of fathers' than mothers' warmth and hostility. Although there were some linear associations of increased lability with externalizing behaviors, these did not persist in the context of a multivariate model. Associations between both parents' increasing hostility across childhood on age 11 externalizing behaviors and for fathers increasing hostility and decreasing warmth on increases in externalizing behaviors across adolescence more likely reflect a combination of bidirectional evocative and parenting environmental associations than purely parenting environmental transmission. Moderation by parent psychopathology was sparse, and sensitivity tests revealed no differences by child sex. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
亲子关系质量在整个童年和青少年时期的长期发展变化（敌意增加、温情减少）以及不稳定性（逐年波动）都与青少年的外化行为有关。我们对561名出生时被非亲属家庭收养的儿童进行了一项前瞻性纵向研究（57%为男性，56%为白人，19%为多种族，13%为黑人，11%为西班牙裔），其中父母的温情和敌意反映了环境影响或孩子引发的反应，我们研究了亲子关系测量指标与11岁及整个青少年时期（即从11岁到13 - 15岁）外化行为之间的关联。由于考虑基因 - 环境相互作用的研究，特别是关于不稳定性与儿童外化行为之间关联的研究很少，且亲子关系测量指标支持精神病理学的代际传递，我们还在多元回归模型中测试了养父母（AP；环境代际传递）和亲生父母（基因代际传递）的精神病理学是否调节了这些关联。研究结果总体上支持父亲的温情和敌意比母亲的影响更大。虽然不稳定性增加与外化行为之间存在一些线性关联，但在多元模型中这些关联并未持续存在。父母在整个童年时期敌意增加与11岁外化行为之间的关联，以及父亲敌意增加和温情减少与青少年时期外化行为增加之间的关联，更可能反映了双向唤起和养育环境关联的组合，而不是纯粹的养育环境传递。父母精神病理学的调节作用很少，敏感性测试表明儿童性别之间没有差异。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2025美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
