Applying Implementation Science to Advance Electronic Health Record-Driven Learning Health Systems: Case Studies, Challenges, and Recommendations.

With the widespread implementation of electronic health records (EHRs), there has been significant progress in developing learning health systems (LHSs) aimed at improving health and health care delivery through rapid and continuous knowledge generation and translation. To support LHSs in achieving these goals, implementation science (IS) and its frameworks are increasingly being leveraged to ensure that LHSs are feasible, rapid, iterative, reliable, reproducible, equitable, and sustainable. However, 6 key challenges limit the application of IS to EHR-driven LHSs: barriers to team science, limited IS experience, data and technology limitations, time and resource constraints, the appropriateness of certain IS approaches, and equity considerations. Using 3 case studies from diverse health settings and 1 IS framework, we illustrate these challenges faced by LHSs and offer solutions to overcome the bottlenecks in applying IS and utilizing EHRs, which often stymie LHS progress. We discuss the lessons learned and provide recommendations for future research and practice, including the need for more guidance on the practical application of IS methods and a renewed emphasis on generating and accessing inclusive data.