Greening Separation and Purification of Proteins and Peptides.

The increasing awareness of environmental issues and the transition to green analytical chemistry (GAC) have gained popularity among academia and industry in recent years. One of the principles of GAC is the reduction and replacement of toxic solvents with more sustainable and environmentally friendly ones. This review gives an overview of the advances in applying green solvents as an alternative to the traditional organic solvents for peptide and protein purification and analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. The feasibility of using greener LC and CE methods is demonstrated through several application examples; however, there is still plenty of room for new developments to fully realize their potential and to address existing challenges. Thanks to the tunable properties of designer solvents, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, and almost infinite possible mixtures of components for their production, it is possible that some new designer solvents could potentially surpass the traditional harmful solvents in the future. Therefore, future research should focus mainly on developing new solvent combinations and enhancing analytical instruments to be able to effectively work with green solvents.