Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
PeerJ. 2024 Oct 4;12:e18027. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18027. eCollection 2024.
Hypoxia and hyperoxia can affect the acute psycho-physiological response to exercise. Recording various perceptual responses to exercise is of particular importance for investigating behavioral changes to physical activity, given that the perception of exercise-induced pain, discomfort or unpleasure, and a low level of exercise enjoyment are commonly associated with a low adherence to physical activity. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the acute perceptual and physiological responses to aerobic exercise under intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia (IHHT), hypoxia-normoxia (IHT), and sustained normoxia (NOR) in young, recreational active, healthy males.
Using a randomized, single-blinded, crossover design, 15 males (age: 24.5 ± 4.2 yrs) performed 40 min of submaximal constant-load cycling (at 60% peak oxygen uptake, 80 rpm) under IHHT (5 × 4 min hypoxia and hyperoxia), IHT (5 × 4 min hypoxia and normoxia), and NOR. Inspiratory fraction of oxygen during hypoxia and hyperoxia was set to 14% and 30%, respectively. Heart rate (HR), total hemoglobin (tHb) and muscle oxygen saturation (SO) of the right vastus lateralis muscle were continuously recorded during cycling. Participants' peripheral oxygen saturation (SO) and perceptual responses (., perceived motor fatigue, effort perception, perceived physical strain, affective valence, arousal, motivation to exercise, and conflict to continue exercise) were surveyed prior, during (every 4 min), and after cycling. Prior to and after exercise, peripheral blood lactate concentration (BLC) was determined. Exercise enjoyment was ascertained after cycling. For statistical analysis, repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted.
No differences in the acute perceptual responses were found between conditions ( ≥ 0.059, ≤ 0.18), while the physiological responses differed. Accordingly, SO was higher during the hyperoxic periods during the IHHT compared to the normoxic periods during the IHT ( < 0.001, = 0.91). Moreover, HR ( = 0.005, = 0.33) and BLC ( = 0.033, = 0.28) were higher during IHT compared to NOR. No differences between conditions were found for changes in tHb ( = 0.684, = 0.03) and SO ( = 0.093, = 0.16).
IHT was associated with a higher physiological response and metabolic stress, while IHHT did not lead to an increase in HR and BLC compared to NOR. In addition, compared to IHT, IHHT seems to improve reoxygenation indicated by a higher SO during the hyperoxic periods. However, there were no differences in perceptual responses and ratings of exercise enjoyment between conditions. These results suggest that replacing normoxic by hyperoxic reoxygenation-periods during submaximal constant-load cycling under intermittent hypoxia reduced the exercise-related physiological stress but had no effect on perceptual responses and perceived exercise enjoyment in young recreational active healthy males.
缺氧和富氧会影响运动的急性心理生理反应。记录各种运动感知反应对于研究对体育活动的行为变化尤为重要，因为运动引起的疼痛、不适或不愉快的感知，以及运动享受水平低，通常与体育活动的坚持度低有关。因此，本研究旨在比较间歇低氧-富氧（IHHT）、低氧-常氧（IHT）和持续常氧（NOR）条件下，年轻、娱乐性活跃、健康男性进行有氧运动时的急性感知和生理反应。
采用随机、单盲、交叉设计，15 名男性（年龄：24.5 ± 4.2 岁）在 IHHT（5×4 分钟低氧和富氧）、IHT（5×4 分钟低氧和常氧）和 NOR 条件下进行 40 分钟的亚极量恒负荷自行车运动（峰值摄氧量的 60%，80 rpm）。低氧和富氧时的吸气氧分数分别设定为 14%和 30%。在运动过程中，连续记录右股外侧肌的心率（HR）、总血红蛋白（tHb）和肌肉氧饱和度（SO）。在运动前、运动中（每 4 分钟一次）和运动后，调查参与者的外周血氧饱和度（SO）和感知反应（运动疲劳感知、努力感知、身体疲劳感知、情感效价、唤醒度、运动动机和继续运动的冲突）。运动后测定外周血乳酸浓度（BLC）。运动后评估运动享受度。采用重复测量方差分析进行统计学分析。
各条件间的急性感知反应无差异（ ≥ 0.059， ≤ 0.18），而生理反应不同。因此，与 IHT 的常氧期相比，IHHT 的富氧期 SO 更高（ < 0.001， = 0.91）。此外，与 NOR 相比，IHT 时 HR（ = 0.005， = 0.33）和 BLC（ = 0.033， = 0.28）更高。tHb（ = 0.684， = 0.03）和 SO（ = 0.093， = 0.16）的变化在各条件间无差异。
IHT 与更高的生理反应和代谢应激有关，而与 NOR 相比，IHHT 并未导致 HR 和 BLC 升高。此外，与 IHT 相比，IHHT 似乎通过在富氧期提高 SO 来改善再氧化。然而，各条件间的感知反应和运动享受度评分无差异。这些结果表明，在间歇低氧条件下，亚极量恒负荷自行车运动中用富氧替代常氧再氧化期可降低运动相关的生理应激，但对年轻娱乐性活跃健康男性的感知反应和感知运动享受度无影响。
