Martínez-Martínez Oscar A, Reyes-Martínez Javier, Mideros Mora Andrés Iván, Sánchez Pilco Andrea Carolina, Rodríguez Salme Camila Lucia
Departamento de Ciencias Sociales y Políticas, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico.
División de Administración Pública, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, Mexico City, Mexico.
Front Sociol. 2024 Sep 25;9:1372404. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1372404. eCollection 2024.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latin American labor markets continue to be quantified, to identify the social and economic impacts that this pandemic had, and to design more efficient public policies that would protect the most vulnerable groups. For this reason, the research question was as follows: what were the changes in the labor formality rates before and two years after the main contingency measures of the COVID-19 pandemic were implemented?
Using data from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay, the formality rate (τ) was analyzed, which was calculated using a weighted average between the formal employment rates of the number (i) of economic sectors (p) in a specific period (t).
The results suggest that the weighted labor formality rate increased in the countries of the region. These changes in formality could be the result of greater capital accumulation, the integration of productive processes, the integration of commercialization processes, and differentiated fiscal stimuli (i.e., the intrasectoral aspect), but it was not due to the displacement of workers from highly informal economic sectors to more formalized sectors (i.e., the intersectoral component).
The findings emphasized the precarious situation of women in the region, regardless of the country, particularly in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. These findings suggest the need to design public policies that reverse the current situation of the labor market and prevent future economic shocks, with special emphasis on the informal sector and women.
新冠疫情对拉丁美洲劳动力市场的影响仍在量化之中，目的是确定这场疫情所产生的社会和经济影响，并设计出更有效的公共政策来保护最弱势群体。因此，研究问题如下：在实施新冠疫情主要应急措施之前及之后两年，劳动力正规化率有哪些变化？
利用阿根廷、玻利维亚、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭的数据，对正规化率（τ）进行了分析，该比率是通过特定时期（t）内经济部门（p）数量（i）的正规就业率的加权平均值计算得出的。
结果表明，该地区各国的加权劳动力正规化率有所上升。正规化方面的这些变化可能是资本积累增加、生产流程整合、商业化流程整合以及差异化财政刺激（即部门内部因素）的结果，但并非由于工人从高度非正规经济部门转移到更正规化部门（即部门间因素）。
研究结果强调了该地区女性所处的不稳定状况，无论在哪个国家都是如此，尤其是在厄瓜多尔、秘鲁、玻利维亚和阿根廷。这些结果表明，有必要设计公共政策来扭转当前劳动力市场的状况，并预防未来的经济冲击，特别要关注非正规部门和女性。
