Regulation of STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways by -Anethole in testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury and its gonadoprotective effect.

Testicular ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is a significant urological problem where clinical interventions may be inadequate, and the antioxidants might be potential co-treatment modalities. This study examined the gonadoprotective effect of -Anethole in testicular I/R injury. Twenty-eight male rats were divided into four groups. Rats in the I/R, I/R + 100, I/R + 200 groups underwent bilateral testicular I/R injury. The I/R + 100 and I/R + 200 groups received 100 or 200 mg/kg -Anethole at the 2nd hour of ischemia. Microscopic evaluations demonstrated that testicular I/R injury leads to severe testicular degeneration. Tissue oxidative stress, pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 associated X (Bax) and Caspase 3, pro-inflammatory Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) cytokines levels were significantly ( < 0.05) upregulated when compared to the Control group. Additionally, transcription factors Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) levels increased significantly ( < 0.05) compared to the Control group. Tissue disrupted parameters in the I/R + 200 group were significantly different ( 0.05) from the I/R group, contrasting with the slight improvement in the I/R + 100 group. The STAT3 and NF-κB expression levels in the I/R + 200 group were significantly suppressed ( < 0.05) compared to the I/R group. In conclusion, our study indicates that -Anethole could enhance gonadoprotective activity in testicular I/R injury, potentially involving transcription factors STAT3 and NF-κB. However, before the consumption of -Anethole-containing natural or manufactured goods, the potential benefits and side effects should be carefully evaluated.