Almohmadi Najlaa Hamed
Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Transl Pediatr. 2024 Sep 30;13(9):1652-1670. doi: 10.21037/tp-24-182. Epub 2024 Sep 20.
Autism is a neurological disorder that affects social skills and behavior. A significant number of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may not display noticeable symptoms until they reach the age of three or older. Several factors, including genetic and environmental issues, could affect the progression of ASD in children. Dietary behavior or administration may have a crucial role in the development of autism. Epidemiological investigations have demonstrated that environmental influences play a significant role in how changes in diet can affect behavior and physiology. However, exclusion diets have not been thoroughly studied in relation to this effect. Atypical food behaviors, altered nutritional profiles, and being overweight, obese, or underweight are all associated with autism in children. Overweight or underweight was common in children with autism, but it was not necessarily uncommon in children with normal growth. Moreover, deficiencies in certain vitamins (B12, B9, and D), minerals (calcium and iron), fatty acids (omega-3 and -6), energy, and protein have been documented in children with ASD. The deficiency of these nutrients may lead to gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and change the microbiota in children with ASD. Some nutritional interventions could help individuals with ASD to improve their mental health. Recognizing dietary habits and nutrient requirements can help in planning the best overall treatment for autism. This review discusses GI symptoms and disorders related to nutrition and nutrient-dense diets for ASD.
自闭症是一种影响社交技能和行为的神经障碍。相当数量的自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）儿童直到三岁或更大时才会表现出明显症状。包括遗传和环境问题在内的几个因素可能会影响儿童ASD的发展进程。饮食行为或饮食管理可能在自闭症的发展中起关键作用。流行病学调查表明，环境影响在饮食变化如何影响行为和生理方面起着重要作用。然而，关于这种影响，排除饮食尚未得到充分研究。非典型的饮食行为、改变的营养状况以及超重、肥胖或体重不足都与儿童自闭症有关。超重或体重不足在自闭症儿童中很常见，但在生长正常的儿童中也未必不常见。此外，已记录到ASD儿童存在某些维生素（B12、B9和D）、矿物质（钙和铁）、脂肪酸（ω-3和ω-6）、能量和蛋白质的缺乏。这些营养素的缺乏可能导致胃肠道（GI）症状，并改变ASD儿童的微生物群。一些营养干预措施可以帮助ASD患者改善心理健康。了解饮食习惯和营养需求有助于规划自闭症的最佳整体治疗方案。本综述讨论了与ASD相关的胃肠道症状以及营养和营养丰富饮食方面的疾病。
