Cellular mechanisms of synchronized rhythmic burst generation in the ventromedial hypothalamus.

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) plays an important role in feeding behavior and control of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The VMH includes a group of neurons that exhibit strong synchronized rhythmic burst firing (so-called VMH oscillation). This VMH oscillation is glucose inhibited, responsive to feeding-related peptides, and is functionally coupled to outputs of the SNS. However, the details of its rhythm generation and synchronization mechanisms are unknown. In the present study, we investigated cellular mechanisms of VMH oscillation by means of electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging in juvenile rat slice preparations including the VMH. In the electrophysiological study, we performed membrane potential recording from neurons in the vicinity of pipettes for field potential recording. We found that the rhythmic bursts in the VMH were preserved in low Ca/high Mg synaptic transmission blockade solution. During membrane hyperpolarization by current injection, the action potential was largely inhibited, but fluctuation of the membrane potential remained with a frequency similar to that at resting potential level. The electric VMH oscillation disappeared after application of either a gap junction blocker, carbenoxolone (100 µM), or a persistent sodium channel blocker, riluzole (20 µM). Membrane potentials and input resistances of rhythmic burst neurons in the VMH were not significantly changed during these manipulations. A calcium imaging study revealed that all VMH cells exhibiting synchronized rhythmic activity detected by intracellular calcium increases were silenced following the application of carbenoxolone. These results suggest that VMH oscillation arises from the activation of persistent sodium channels and coupling via gap junctions.