Deep and shallow feature fusion framework for remote sensing open pit coal mine scene recognition.

Understanding land use and damage in open-pit coal mining areas is crucial for effective scientific oversight and management. Current recognition methods exhibit limitations: traditional approaches depend on manually designed features, which offer limited expressiveness, whereas deep learning techniques are heavily reliant on sample data. In order to overcome the aforementioned limitations, a three-branch feature extraction framework was proposed in the present study. The proposed framework effectively fuses deep features (DF) and shallow features (SF), and can accomplish scene recognition tasks with high accuracy and fewer samples. Deep features are enhanced through a neighbouring feature attention module and a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) module, which capture both neighbouring features and the correlation between local scene information. Shallow features are extracted using the Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Gabor filters, which respectively capture local and overall texture variations. Evaluation results on the AID and RSSCN7 datasets demonstrate that the proposed deep feature extraction model achieved classification accuracies of 97.53% and 96.73%, respectively, indicating superior performance in deep feature extraction tasks. Finally, the two kinds of features were fused and input into the particle swarm algorithm optimised support vector machine (PSO-SVM) to classify the scenes of remote sensing images, and the classification accuracy reached 92.78%, outperforming four other classification methods.